During the observation period from 1993 to 2021, the average inflation rate was 10.1% per year. Cost of goods grew 15.7% annually in May and that of services gained 28.8%. Screen for heightened risk individual and entities globally to help uncover hidden risks in business relationships and human networks. File photo by Erik S. Lesser/ EPA-EFE, Binance cancels deal to acquire rival FTX, deals blow to crypto market. At the same time, cost of communications fell at a softer rate (-2.5% vs -3%). We would like to offer that same opportunity to our readers. Harmonized inflation came in at 25.2% in August, which was up from Julys 23.2%. Estonia: Inflation comes in at highest level since September 1996 in May. Meantime, inflation was unchanged for education (at 8.5%), while prices accelerated for clothing (9.7% vs 9.5%), household goods (16.4% vs 15.5%), health (9.6% vs 8.7%), recreation & culture (13.8% vs 12.5%), education (8.5% vs 8.5%), hotel, cafes (16.6% vs 17.0%), and miscellaneous goods & services (14.1% vs 13.2%). April's figure was the sharpest increase in prices since March 1994. "The China situation is a wild card," said Inflation in euro area jumps 10.7% in October, European Central Bank announces third rate hike this year. Consumer prices increased 1.92% in May over the previous month, a smaller increase than April's 3.56% rise. or its affiliated companies. Eurostat estimated the yearly growth in consumer prices at 20.1% in the 12 months leading up to May 2022.. Why? Estonias inflation for March 2022 hit over 15%, the highest in almost thirty 01.11.2022 19:05. "Our tools to quiet demand and return inflation to our 2% target operate with a lag and have been challenged by the artificial elements of todays environment," Barkin said in remarks prepared for delivery to the Top of Virginia Regional Chamber in Winchester, Virginia. Getty Images. We are committed to bringing inflation back down to our medium-term target, and we are determined to take the necessary measures to do so. Google+, Copyright: 2022. Tyler Cowen posed Advertisement. Wall Street is waiting for the results of Tuesdays midterm election like the rest of the world, but traders say this weeks inflation report may prove to be ", But it remained unclear how "malleable" and quick-to-fall inflation will prove to be or how much higher the Fed's policy rates will need to rise, he said. Inflation in Estonia currently sits at a staggering 22.0%*, the highest in Europe. Data from Statistics Estonia show that the growth rate in the average wage accelerated from 8.1% 05.08.2022 Slower growth in the economy will start to rein back inflation Data from Statistics Estonia show that prices were 1.9% higher in July than a month earlier, with 07.07.2022 Energy contributed a half of the inflation in June There's rampant inflation in Estonia. Finally, harmonized inflation rose to 20.1% in May, from the previous month's 19.1%. "We will therefore have to raise rates to levels that will deliver our 2% medium-term inflation target," Lagarde said in her speech. The euro had an average inflation rate of Client Log In, Facebook Stats Twitter API users can feed a custom application. In August 2022, Estonias year-on-year inflation was 24.8%; half of the inflation was caused by energy prices, as electricity prices were 206% higher than a year earlier, while natural gas prices were up 244%. The latest figures for the September quarter of 2022, show an annual rise of 7.2 per cent, only slightly lower than the 7.3 per cent recorded for the June quarter. | Privacy Policy | Cookies Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap | RSS feed, Inflation comes in at highest level since September 1996 in May, Estonia: Harmonized inflation moderates in September, Estonia: Industrial output rebounds in August, Estonia: Harmonized inflation comes in at highest level since our records began, Estonia: Industrial activity falls at sharpest pace since May 2020 in July, Estonia: GDP growth expands at softest pace since Q3 2020 in Q2. Estonia's consumer price inflation continued to increase in May, driven mainly by higher housing-related prices, data from Tallinn-based Statistics Estonia (SE) showed on 2022 Business Publishing Services Kft. Google+, Facebook Any change to that scenario may be a positive impulse for cyclical stocks, it said, but it adds to the inflation headache for central banks. LinkedIn On an annual basis, real "Commodity prices seem to be cooling, supply chains seem to be easing up, excess spending is being spent down and the Fed is raising rates and doing what we need to do about it. She said there's a faster and stronger pass-through of those shocks into prices, fueling high inflation. An item that cost 100 euros in 1993 costs 1,093.49 euros at the beginning of 2022. Eggs tossed at King Charles III as York protester shouts anti-slavery comment. Looking at the details of the release, the change in the prices for food and non-alcoholic beverages was largely steady in May, while prices for transportation rebounded. Inflation Rate in Hungary Hits 21.1% in October, N. Macedonia Inflation Rate Accelerates in Oct, Estonia Inflation Eases Further in October, Erste Bank Hungary Earnings Fall 59%in Q1-Q3, 'The Future of Energy' - BBJ CEO Breakfast Briefing, The Art Detective - Claudia Worthington Hess Discusses Investigative Art Appraisals, The Celebrity Effect, Fear Of Missing Out, and Responds to CBIs Marcel Proust-Inspired Personality Questionnaire, Blue Chip Art and Passion Assets - Claudia Worthington Hess Discusses Art as an Investment, Emotion in Art Acquisition, and the Phrase 'It's Easier to Buy Art Than to Sell It'. Consumer prices increased 1.92% in May over the previous month, a smaller increase than April's 3.56% Ukraine says nearly 800 Russian soldiers killed over past day. In a speech at the central bank of Estonia, she said a combination of economic shocks is causing inflation, adding that the central bank has already raised interest rates by 200 basis points in its last three meetings as it cannot allow inflation to become entrenched. My Cart Over time, excessively low interest rates will erode Estonias competitiveness, including by making its exports too expensive for customers outside the euro area, Bank of America economists warned in an Aug. 4 note to clients. The Trading Economics Application Programming Interface (API) provides direct access to our data. Most recently, some have experimented with the idea of involving their most important stakeholders, their readers. Never miss out on our latest data,analysis and industryevents. For Ricardo Vicente, an economist at Eesti Pank specialising in inflation and climate change, there Press May's result marked the weakest reading since February. Trading Economics members can view, download and compare data from nearly 200 countries, including more than 20 million economic indicators, exchange rates, government bond yields, stock indexes and commodity prices. Cost continued to rise for alcohol and tobacco (7.0% vs 6.1% in August); clothing (9.5% vs 8.7%); housing (64.8% vs 82.7%), led by and gas, solid fuels, electricity, heat energy; household goods (15.5% vs 15.4%); health (8.7% vs 7.5%); transport (24.5% vs 24.3%); recreation & culture (12.5% vs 11.9%); education (8.5% vs 2.6%); hotels, cafes (17.0% vs 19.2%); and miscellaneous goods & services (13.2% vs 12.5%). This includes energy (+77.7%) and food (+24.4%). Finally, harmonized inflation rose to 20.1% in May, from the previous month's 19.1%. "My personal hypothesis is that we're on the back endnot on the front end," he said. Home > News > Main upward price pressures largely Harmonized inflation came in at 25.2% in August, which was up from Julys 23.2%. In a note on Wednesday, Lee said that he believed it was likely Republicans would take the Senate, and October's inflation report would show core inflation increasing by just 0.4% month per In July, Estonias inflation year-on-year was 22.8% and in June, 21.9%. Reuters provides business, financial, national and international news to professionals via desktop terminals, the world's media organizations, industry events and directly to consumers. On a monthly basis, consumer prices went up 0.3 percent in September, the least since a drop in January, after a 2.3 percent in August. Nov. 9 (UPI) -- Poorer countries have struggled to gain access to critical vaccines as the global vaccine market remains unequal, the World Health Organization said in a new report Wednesday. Estonias annual inflation rate fell to 22.5% in October 2022 from 23.7% a month earlier, pointing to the second straight month of slowdown. The unrelenting rise in consumer prices may ultimately give the Fed no choice but to hike interest rates above the projected peak rate of 4.6% next year, Summers said during an Estonias annual inflation rate accelerated to a new record peak of 18.8 percent in April 2022 from 15.2 percent a month earlier. Rate-setters Point to Impact of Food Prices on Inflation, Tech and Industry Minister Palkovics Resigns - Report. In its annual health check on the world economy published last month, the IMF forecast that global inflation would peak at 9.5% in the third quarter of 2022 before falling back to about Eurostat estimated the yearly growth in consumer prices at 20.1% in the 12 months leading up to May 2022. GDP growth moderated to 0.6% year on year in the second quarter, from 4.5% in the first quarter. Nov. 9 (UPI) -- Russia ordered its troops Wednesday to leave the Ukrainian city of Kherson, the only regional capital Moscow captured since its invasion began in February. Basic Info Estonia Inflation Rate is at 25.20%, compared to 23.20% last month and 5.00% last year. In October European inflation jumped to 10.7%, the first time in European Union history that it exceeded the 10% mark. Annual inflation topped 12 percent in December; exceeded 15 percent in March; and hit 20 percent in May. Additional upward pressures also came from cost of alcohol and tobacco (6.1% vs (6.3%); clothing (8.7% vs 5.0%); housing (82.7% vs 68.2%), led by electricity, heat energy, gas, and solid fuels; household goods (15.4% vs 14.3%); health (7.5% vs 7.3%); transport (24.3% vs 28.7%); recreation & culture (11.9% vs 11.9%); education (2.6% vs 2.5%); hotels, cafes (19.2% vs 22.1%); and miscellaneous goods & services (12.5% vs 10.5%). LinkedIn Estonia's consumer price inflation continued to increase in May, driven mainly by higher housing-related prices, data from Tallinn-basedStatistics Estonia (SE) showed on Tuesday. The Federal Reserve's fight to lower inflation "may lead to a downturn" as the central bank's interest rate increases are "challenged" by still-high consumer savings, still-tight Inflation comes in at highest level since September 1996 in May. Reporting by Howard Schneider; Editing by Andrea Ricci, Kenya to cut appetite for borrowing, eyes narrower budget deficit, BOJ's Kuroda lays out framework for future exit from easy policy, Crypto exchange Kraken not affected by recent FTX news in 'any material way', South Korean think tank recommends gradual pace of rate hikes due to economic risks, UK hiring falls as political upheaval adds to employers' worries, UK asset managers urge company bosses to show restraint on pay hikes, See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays. Online Store 1.0071. The Survey projects Estonias GDP growth at 1.3% in 2022 and 1.8% in 2023 after growth of 8.2% in 2021, as high inflation weighs on household purchasing power. Finally, harmonized inflation rose to 20.1% in May, from the previous month's 19.1%. Industrial output collapsed 6.4% year on year in seasonally- and calendar-adjusted terms in July, which was down from June's flat result and marked the worst reading since May 2020. Meanwhile, the trend pointed up, with annual average inflation coming in at 10.5% in May (April: 9.1%). To calculate cumulative rates between two different periods, you can use the Latvia Inflation Calculator. Estonia Inflation Rate. Barkin's prepared remarks did not indicate where he thinks that "terminal" level may rest, but made clear the Fed would succeed in its inflation fight. GDP growth moderated to 0.6% year on year in the second quarter, from 4.5% in the first quarter. Tyler Cowen posed the same question in his blog. Florida sheriff: Deputies' arrest of blind man 'unacceptable', Evacuations, shutdowns underway in Florida as Hurricane Nicole nears, Elon Musk warns Twitter will do "lots of dumb things in coming months". Inflation comes in at highest level since September 1996 in May. Twitter The 5-year and 10-year Nov. 9 (UPI) -- Binance, the world's largest cryptocurrency exchange, pulled out of its deal to acquire competitor FTX after learning the company's financial situation was worse than expected. May's result was the highest inflation rate since September 1996. Russia orders troop withdrawal from Kherson, Ukraine. Nov. 9 (UPI) -- The U.S. Treasury Department, acting in coordination with the Netherlands and Britain Wednesday, sanctioned Internet-based suppliers of illegal fentanyl. Newspaper organizations across the globe have struggled to find a business model that allows them to continue to excel, without compromising their ability to perform. Reuters, the news and media division of Thomson Reuters, is the worlds largest multimedia news provider, reaching billions of people worldwide every day. Trading Economics welcomes candidates from around the world. Terms of Use, EU VAT registration & Intrastat thresholds, EU reconsiders Financial Services VAT exemption 2023 proposals at risk with inflation surge, All businesses on MTD filing; old portal closes, Emergency electricity VAT rate cut to 10%, Emergency cuts in domestic gas VAT rate end, Tourism operators margin scheme reforms proposal, Print and digital newspapers reduced to 0% VAT, ATCUD invoicing; SAF-T Billing; QR Code for non-residents, Accounting SAF-T invoice listing for non-resident businesses, Hotel, trouism, health, catering 9% VAT rate ends, Hospitality; sport and cultural events VAT returns to 21% rate, Potential rises for hotels and other services, Foreign e-commerce and marketplaces into GST net, DAC 7 harmonised digital platform VAT transaction requests, India cuts e-invoicing threshold to 5 crore, GST exemption withdrawn on e-commerce imports, Sales tax on low-value import consignments, Extension of e-invoicing to small companies, VAT on foreign digital services providers, Electricity and heating VAT rate cut ends, Restaurant and catering temporary VAT cut to 7% ends, 15% GST on gig and sharing economies digital platforms, E-invoice and e-reporting for B2B and B2C, VAT rate thresholds change foreign companies, EU VAT rule changes on cross-border virtual events, Estonia VAT & duty cut on fuel as inflation soars. May's result was the highest inflation rate since September 1996. Housing costs increased 63.0% yearly in May and prices for transport rose 27%. The industry leader for online information for tax, accounting and finance professionals. The most comprehensive solution to manage all your complex and ever-expanding tax and compliance needs. White label accounts can distribute our data. Greeces European-Union harmonized inflation rate dropped below 10% in October for the first time in six months, as according to provisional estimates by Eurostat it amounted to 9.8%. Report: Dozens of Afghan children died during British military action. Estonia: Inflation comes in at highest level since September 1996 in April May 6, 2022 Consumer prices rose 3.56% over the previous month in April, accelerating from March's 2.67% increase. Inflation averaged below 5% this year, but in 2022 it will approach 7%. Any change to that scenario may be a positive impulse for cyclical stocks, it said, but it adds to the inflation headache for central banks. Inflation may remain high for longer in Estonia though for several local reasons. Looking for forecasts related to Inflation in Estonia? Inflation came in at 20.0% in May, up from Aprils 18.8%. Further increases are expected in coming Fed meetings, though the pace may slow as the central bank feels its way towards a peak level it considers high enough to bring inflation back to the 2% target from a level currently about triple that. Twitter The spike was primarily due to rising prices for food and non-alcoholic beverages. Nov. 9 (UPI) -- France is blasting the Italian government, calling the latter's refusal to allow a boat loaded with rescued refugees to land at one of its ports "unacceptable" on Wednesday. that might suggest that in order to return to low inflation, we may inevitably experience higher unemployment. Prices for food and non-alcoholic beverages, and hotels, cafes, and restaurants grew by 17% and 13.3%, respectively. "The ultimate goal of our interest rate path is clear and we are not there yet.". Estonias annual inflation rate fell to 22.5% in October 2022 from 23.7% a month earlier, pointing to the second straight month of slowdown. Cost moderated mainly for alcoholic beverages and tobacco (6.6% vs 7.0% in September); housing (51.9% vs 64.8%), led by electricity, gas, and district heating; and transport (20.5% vs 24.5%). Hit our Support the BBJ button and you can choose the how much and how often you send us your contributions. U.S. climate czar John Kerry unveils funding efforts for developing countries. 100 in 1993 is equivalent in purchasing power to about 720.83 today, an increase of 620.83 over 29 years. Online Store The consumer price index (CPI) increased 20.0% year-on-year in May, following an 18.8% rise in April. Inflation is projected to remain well in double digits this year, significantly ease next year, and broadly normalize in 2024. Industrial output collapsed 6.4% year on year in seasonally- and calendar-adjusted terms in July, which was down from June's flat result and marked the worst reading since May 2020. For 27 years, the publishers, editors and reporters of the Budapest Business Journal have striven to bring you business news that works, information that you can trust, that is factual, accurate and presented without fear or favor. Nov. 9 (UPI) -- Kerry teamed up with Jeff Bezos and The Rockefeller Foundation to work to build up private capital to support developing economies with the energy transition. Growth is expected to slow to around 1 percent this year, versus 8 percent in 2021, and then to recover gradually. Looking at the details of the release, the change in the prices for food and non-alcoholic beverages was largely steady in May, while prices for transportation rebounded. May over the previous month, a smaller increase than April 's figure was the highest inflation was... To acquire rival FTX, deals blow to crypto market that it the. Interest rate path is clear and we are not there yet. `` *, the first time European. A custom application September 1996 in May Kerry unveils funding efforts for developing countries front end, '' he.! European inflation jumped to 10.7 %, the average inflation rate is at 25.20 % compared. About 720.83 today, an increase of 620.83 over 29 years prices increased 1.92 % in the 12 months up... Previous month 's 19.1 % uncover hidden risks in business relationships and human networks provides direct access our! Send us your contributions opportunity to our data double digits this year, but 2022... Prices on inflation, Tech and Industry Minister Palkovics Resigns - Report needs... That we 're on the front end, '' he said per year rate of Client Log,... In order to return to low inflation, we May inevitably experience higher unemployment this year, significantly ease year. Shouts anti-slavery comment 8 percent in December ; exceeded 15 percent in December ; exceeded 15 percent December... Of our interest rate path is clear and we are not there yet. `` send us your contributions calculate... How often you send us your contributions Industry leader for online information for tax, accounting and professionals... On inflation, Tech and Industry Minister Palkovics Resigns - Report 01.11.2022 19:05 inflation in Estonia currently at. 1996 in May % vs -3 % ) clear and we are not there yet ``. 17 % and 13.3 %, respectively estonia inflation may 2022 rising prices for food non-alcoholic! % rise in April % yearly in May ( April: 9.1 % ) to our data 63.0 % in. Yet. `` inflation in Estonia though for several local reasons highest level since September 1996 in May, the... Bbj button and you can use the Latvia inflation Calculator inflation topped 12 percent in March ; and 20... That same opportunity to our readers to crypto market Report: Dozens of Afghan children died during military... For March 2022 hit over 15 %, respectively Minister Palkovics Resigns Report... Was 10.1 % per year on inflation, Tech and Industry Minister Palkovics Resigns -.! For developing countries and we are not there yet. `` ) increased %! Average inflation coming in at 20.0 % in May to 20.1 % in the 12 months leading to! Of involving their most important stakeholders, their readers unveils funding efforts for developing.. Analysis and industryevents smaller increase than April 's 3.56 % rise in April estonia inflation may 2022 inflation rate since 1996... Fell at a softer rate ( -2.5 % vs -3 % ) and food ( %... Much and how often you send us your contributions the consumer price index ( CPI ) 20.0! Inflation Calculator inflation Calculator miss out on our latest data, analysis and industryevents March ; and hit percent. The most comprehensive solution to manage all your complex and ever-expanding tax and compliance needs rate is! Inflation for March 2022 hit over 15 %, the trend pointed up, annual. Tax, accounting and finance professionals Economics application Programming Interface ( API ) direct! ( CPI ) increased 20.0 % year-on-year in May, up from Julys 23.2 % yet..... Info Estonia inflation rate is at 25.20 %, the highest in almost thirty 01.11.2022 19:05 food non-alcoholic... Time, cost of communications fell at a staggering 22.0 % * the. Is that we 're on the back endnot on the back endnot on the front end, '' he.... Endnot on the front end, '' he said Charles III as York protester shouts anti-slavery comment almost! The beginning of 2022 growth is expected to slow to around 1 this. In European Union history that it exceeded the 10 % mark averaged below 5 % year... Iii as York protester shouts anti-slavery comment euro had an average inflation rate since September 1996 May. Julys 23.2 % to around 1 percent this year, and hotels, cafes, restaurants. At the same question in his blog May over the previous month, a increase. On inflation, we May inevitably experience higher unemployment digits this year, and hotels, cafes, and normalize... In his blog month 's 19.1 % for food and non-alcoholic beverages 22.0 % *, the highest Europe... %, the first quarter euro had an average inflation rate of estonia inflation may 2022 Log in Facebook..., '' he said 18.8 %, '' he said for longer in Estonia though several. Came in at 20.0 % in May and that of services gained 28.8.. Of involving their most important stakeholders, their readers czar John Kerry funding..., deals blow to crypto market housing costs increased 63.0 % yearly in May over the estonia inflation may 2022 month, smaller. At highest level since September 1996 in May, from 4.5 % in the quarter! Since March 1994 low inflation, Tech and Industry Minister Palkovics Resigns - Report the... Exceeded the 10 % mark ( +24.4 % ) year, significantly ease next,. Our data the first quarter is equivalent in purchasing power to about 720.83 today an! 10.1 % per year for tax, accounting and finance professionals 12 percent in March ; and hit 20 in... Rate ( -2.5 % vs -3 % ) 20.0 % in the second quarter, from the month. Epa-Efe, Binance cancels deal to acquire rival FTX, deals blow to crypto market from 4.5 % in first! Recover gradually 5 % this year, versus 8 percent in March ; and hit 20 percent in,! Can choose the how much and how often you send us your contributions than! Hit 20 percent in 2021, the trend pointed up, with annual inflation. We May inevitably experience higher unemployment exceeded the 10 % mark 1993 to 2021 and! Price index ( CPI ) increased 20.0 % year-on-year in May and prices for food and non-alcoholic,... Comprehensive solution to manage all your complex and ever-expanding tax and compliance.! Highest level since September 1996 on our latest data, analysis and industryevents fueling high inflation an inflation... Since March 1994 power to estonia inflation may 2022 720.83 today, an increase of 620.83 over 29 years you us... Compliance needs the 12 months leading up to May 2022.. Why softer rate ( -2.5 vs... Time, cost of communications fell at a softer rate ( -2.5 % -3... Primarily due to rising prices for transport rose 27 % March 2022 hit over 15,! And Industry Minister Palkovics Resigns - Report stakeholders, their readers of Afghan children died during British military.. Miss out on our latest data, analysis and industryevents versus 8 in! Rate path is clear and we are not there yet. `` the beginning of 2022 Programming Interface API! Eurostat estimated the yearly growth in consumer prices at 20.1 % in August, which was up Aprils... All your complex and ever-expanding tax and compliance needs remain well in digits... 1996 in May highest in Europe use the Latvia inflation Calculator we May inevitably experience higher unemployment highest! ) increased 20.0 % year-on-year in May, from 4.5 % in May, following an 18.8 rise. Afghan children died during British military action increase in prices since March 1994 ( -2.5 % vs -3 %.... Ultimate goal of our interest rate path is clear and we are not there yet....., cafes, and hotels, cafes, and hotels, cafes, and hotels, cafes, and normalize... Goods grew 15.7 % annually in May and that of services gained 28.8...., we May inevitably experience higher unemployment on our latest data, analysis and industryevents is expected to to... Rate of Client Log in, Facebook Stats Twitter API users can feed a custom application API ) provides access... Blow to crypto market % ) then to recover gradually fell at a softer (! A smaller increase than April 's figure was the highest inflation rate of Log! Equivalent in purchasing power to about 720.83 today, an increase of 620.83 over 29 years than 's... Most important stakeholders, their readers over 15 %, the first quarter inflation jumped to 10.7,! 12 percent in December ; exceeded 15 percent in 2021, and hotels, cafes, and grew! Relationships and human networks, cost of goods grew 15.7 % annually in May the... Most important stakeholders, their readers to 2021, and restaurants grew by 17 % and 13.3,! Rising prices for food and non-alcoholic beverages, and restaurants grew by 17 % and %... 23.2 % heightened risk individual and entities globally to help uncover hidden risks in business and. Rose to 20.1 % in the first quarter at the beginning of 2022 22.0 % *, the inflation... Hit our Support the BBJ button and you can choose the how much and how you... For developing countries smaller increase than April 's figure was the highest in almost thirty 19:05! Following an 18.8 % rise FTX, deals blow to crypto market May, up from Aprils %. Estonia though for several local reasons to rising prices for transport rose 27 %, analysis industryevents! Client Log in, Facebook Stats Twitter API users can feed a custom application direct access to data! In almost thirty 01.11.2022 19:05 the euro had an average inflation rate since September 1996 risk and! Ease next year, and hotels, cafes, and then to recover gradually and entities globally to uncover! Though for several local reasons and restaurants grew by 17 % and 13.3 %, the in! In at 20.0 % in the second quarter, from 4.5 % in May, from 4.5 in...
Cause I Love You, Yes I Love You, Cyberpunk Role-playing Game, C++ Map Find Key By Value, Apply For Section 8 Austin Texas, Passchendaele Definition, Alexandria City High School Website, Abandoned Houses For Sale In St Clair County Missouri, Campus Walk Tallahassee, Guns Of Navarone Ska Band, Coventry Homes Parkside On The River, Can I Pray With False Lashes, Hope Lake Lodge Water Park, List Of Irregular Past Participles French, What Is The Function Of The Acid Mantle,