All Rights Reserved. Vol 48. Muslims subjected Africans to chattel slavery through the trans-Saharan slave trade and later on, the same Africans were enslaved by Europeans through trans-Atlantic slave trade in Central, East, and West Africa. Systems of servitude and slavery were common in parts of Africa in ancient times, as they were in much of the rest of the ancient world. [173] The distinction was made by where and for what purpose they would be utilized for. [304], The extent of slavery within Africa and the trade in slaves to other regions is not known precisely. [239] The increase of demand for slaves due to the expansion of European colonial powers to the New World made the slave trade much more lucrative to the West African powers, leading to the establishment of a number of actual West African empires thriving on slave trade. Menu. [139] The Kru and Baga also fought against the slave trade. Most of those who survived the voyage of slavery, later on, landed on the Caribbean Island. [41], Human sacrifice was common in West African states up to and during the 19th century. In the first 150 years of the trade, West Central Africa supplied nine out of ten African people destined for a life of slavery in the Americas. During the eighteenth century, however, when trade accounted for the transport of a staggering 6 million enslaved Africans, Britain was the worst transgressorresponsible for almost 2.5 million. How and when did slavery start in Africa? [198] After the 1st century, the export of black Africans became a "constant factor". For example, some 4000 African slaves were used to build the Colombo fortress in Dutch Ceylon. However, the spread of the Islamic Empire through Africa resulted in a much harsher interpretation of the law, and people from outside the borders of the Islamic Empire were ultimately susceptible to enslavement. [223], In many African societies traditional lineage slavery became more like chattel slavery due to an increased work demand. New book explores abolition in West Africa, 2021 Research Stats & Faculty Distinctions. The court said, This is a family concern, so whatever the family thinks, is right, says Greene. Boddy-Evans, Alistair. [36], Moreover, a considerable number of the men born between 1800 and 1849 in West African regions (today Ghana and Burkina Faso) were abducted as slaves to serve in the army in Dutch Indonesia. [52], The best evidence of slave practices in Africa come from the major kingdoms, particularly along the coast, and there is little evidence of widespread slavery practices in stateless societies. [321] In the 19th century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas, a far higher rate than were ever taken from Africa. The arrival of the first captives to the Jamestown Colony, in 1619, is often seen as the beginning of slavery in Americabut enslaved Africans arrived in North America as early as the 1500s. [353] They note that dismissing the profits of the enslavement of human beings from significance because it was a "small share of national income",[354] could be used to argue that there was no industrial revolution, since modern industry provided only a small share of national income and that it is a mistake to assume that small size is the same as small significance. New slaves were given jobs which required basic skills while experienced slaves were forced to do difficult and more dangerous works such as digging mines and quarries. [313] Manning estimates that 4 million died inside Africa after capture, and many more died young. Sandra Greene writes about the history of slavery in West Africa, where warring political communities in previous centuries enslaved their enemies. "History & Memory: The Making of an Atlantic World: Pre-colonial Africa", The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, USA, 2021. [272] Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers. Between 1750 and 1900 from one- to two-thirds of the entire population of the Fulani jihad states consisted of enslaved people. Slavery existed in Africa before Europeans arrived. What is certain is that Africans were subjected to several forms of enslavement over the centuries, including a "traditional" form that considered enslaved people to be the property of their enslavers. How Do We Know? The Portuguese first began to kidnap people from the west coast of Africa and to take those they enslaved back to Europe. [327] With the rise of a large commercial slave trade, driven by European needs, enslaving your enemy became less a consequence of war, and more and more a reason to go to war. [19] This made slaves a permanent part of a master's lineage, and the children of slaves could become closely connected with the larger family ties. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/african-slavery-101-44535. The Bible is one of the main sources of information with regards to slavery, and that was codified almost two-thousand years ago. [217], The establishment of the Dutch East India Company in the early 17th century lead to a quick increase in volume of the slave trade in the region; there were perhaps up to 500,000 slaves in various Dutch colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries in the Indian Ocean. See Also: Famous African Warriors that Changed our History. "[15] In sub-Saharan Africa, the slave relationships were often complex, with rights and freedoms given to individuals held in slavery and restrictions on sale and treatment by their masters. Slavery was widespread in the ancient world. [234] To cultivate the sugar the Portuguese turned to large numbers of enslaved Africans. As recently as the 1910s, about half of the two million enslaved Africans who supported the various powers in World War I was forcibly coerced to do so. [269] Brazil continued the practice of slavery and was a major source for illegal trade until about 1870 and the abolition of slavery became permanent in 1888 when Princess Isabel of Brazil and Minister Rodrigo Silva (son-in-law of senator Eusebio de Queiroz) banned the practice. the Website for Martin Smith Creations Limited . Prior to 1400, there were several Iron Age kingdoms in Africa that were established and growing. At a time, some trusted males and few females were assigned a high-status job such as supervising their fellow slaves. [312], According to David Stannard, 50% of deaths in Africa occurred as a result of wars between native kingdoms, which produced the majority of slaves. [8] The importance of domestic plantation slavery increased during the 19th century, due to the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade. "A Short History of the African Slave Trade." The Garamentes relied heavily on labour from sub-Saharan Africa, in the shape of slaves,[194] they used slaves in their own communities to construct and maintain underground irrigation systems known to Berbers as foggara. This happens when they are held against their will and made to obey the people that hold them captive. Custom, however, has established certain rules with regard to the treatment of slaves, which it is thought dishonourable to violate. [95], Enslaved Sub-Saharan Africans were also transported across North Africa into Arabia to do agricultural work because of their resistance to malaria that plagued the Arabia and North Africa at the time of early enslavement. To increase the amount of production, a family had to invest more in labourers to increase the amount of land cultivated. states that anyone who helps a slave to try to escape will receive the death penalty. Mauritania. In many regions, the internal conflict caused by that led to the disintegration of kingdoms and their replacement by warlords who could not or would not establish stable states. [196] Ancient Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, Indians and Persians all traded slaves on small scale across the Indian Ocean (and sometimes the Red Sea). [197], The enslavement of Africans for eastern markets started before 7th century but remained at low levels until 1750. [18] In many African communities, where land could not be owned, enslavement of individuals was used as a means to increase the influence a person had and expand connections. An estimated 10% to 20% of Mauritania's 3.4 million people are enslaved in "real slavery," according to the United Nations' special rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, Gulnara Shahinian. Slavery was prevalent in many West and Central African societies before and during the trans-Atlantic slave trade. This happens when they are held against their will and made to obey the people that hold them captive. [174], Historians Campbell and Alpers argue that there were a host of different categories of labour in Southeast Africa and that the distinction between slave and free individuals was not particularly relevant in most societies. [221][4] Economic urban centers that served as the root of main trade routes shifted towards the West coast. [123] A distinction was made between two different types of slaves in this region; slaves who had been sold by their kin group, typically as a result of undesirable behavior such as adultery, were unlikely to attempt to flee. [315] The practice of enslaving enemy combatants and their villages was widespread throughout Western and West Central Africa, although wars were rarely started to procure slaves. [294], Although outlawed in all countries today, slavery is practised in secret in many parts of the world. Whether enslavement existed within sub-Saharan African Iron Age kingdoms before the arrival of Europeans is hotly contested among African studies scholars. The transatlantic slave trade began during the 15th century when Portugal, and subsequently other European kingdoms, were finally able to expand overseas and reach Africa. [306] It is important to note that this preference only existed in the transatlantic slave trade. He offered them opportunities so that they decided to stay with him of their own free will. European colonizing countries were participating in the trade to suit the economic needs of their countries. 27th June 1866 To-day we came upon a man dead from starvation, as he was very thin. "[181][182] At various times, between 65 and 90 percent of Zanzibar was enslaved. This same man had endured a bitter experience as a child when his own extended family gave him to another family to work off his familys debt. [36] Slave soldier groups would be run by a Patron, who could be the head of a government or an independent warlord, and who would send his troops out for money and his own political interests. of the time are few and far between. [296] In Mauritania alone, up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are enslaved, many of them used as bonded labour. [267], By 1850, the year that the last major Atlantic slave trade participant (Brazil) passed the Eusbio de Queirs Law banning the slave trade,[268] the slave trades had been significantly slowed and in general only illegal trade went on. [189] Many elite Africans visited Europe on slave ships following the prevailing winds through the New World. [29] It involved the pledge of a person or a member of that person's family, to serve another person providing credit. J. D. Fage compared the number effect on the continent as a whole. [162] There were the abanyage (those pillaged or stolen in war) as well as the abagule (those bought). [305] This population decline throughout West Africa from 1650 until 1850 was exacerbated by the preference of slave traders for male slaves. The New Kingdom (1558-1080 BC) brought in large numbers of slaves as prisoners of war up the Nile valley and used them for domestic and supervised labour. [152][11], The continuing anti-slavery movement in Europe became an excuse and a casus belli for the European conquest and colonization of much of the African continent. [333] Most of this money was spent on European-made firearms (of very poor quality) and industrial-grade alcohol. Boddy-Evans, Alistair. [4], Slave practices in Africa were used during different periods to justify specific forms of European engagement with the peoples of Africa. 6/2012, p. 6, "Clean people, unclean people: the essentialisation of 'slaves' among the southern Betsileo of Madagascar", "Children 6 cm taller, 3 kg heavier than 30 years ago", "Burning of a Village in Africa, and Capture of its Inhabitants", "Historical survey > The international slave trade", "Routes of the Jewish Merchants Called Radanites", "People judge others to have more control over beliefs than they themselves do", "When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggest White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed", "New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe", "BBC History British Slaves on the Barbary Coast", "The mysteries and majesties of the Aeolian Islands", "Jefferson Versus the Muslim Pirates by Christopher Hitchens", "To What Extent has the EU Taken away the Sovereignty of its Member Nations? [148] The parallel of "Moorish" traders found in the desert compared to the Portuguese traders that were not as established pointed out the differences in uses of slaves at this point, and where they were headed in the trade.[149]. The two transcontinental slave trades affected the economy of African states. [14][4] Ibn Battuta, who visited the ancient kingdom of Mali in the mid-14th century, recounts that the local inhabitants vied with each other in the number of slaves and servants they had, and was himself given a slave boy as a "hospitality gift. The transatlantic slave trade began during the 15th century when Portugal, and subsequently other European kingdoms, were finally able to expand overseas and reach Africa. The distinction was, and is, by kinship. [118] Early Portuguese writings show that the Kingdom did have slavery before contact, but that they were primarily war captives from the Kingdom of Ndongo. [144] This sort of governing that used "political tool" of discerning the different labours and methods of assimilative slavery. They dont distinguish between the origins of family members but instead support all members of the family equally., The third slave owner, also a prominent man in the community, had suffered setbacks and lost faith in the traditional African religious organization. Im trying to make a connection between readers here who know nothing about Africa and individual Africans. [244] When European powers began to stop the Atlantic slave trade, this caused a further change in that large holders of slaves in Africa began to exploit enslaved people on plantations and other agricultural products. Meet Motlatsi Mafatshe, Molefe from The House of Zwide. As of today, the world no longer participates in the slave trade. (2 reasons) and more. For example, the Code of Hammurabi states that anyone who helps a slave to try to escape will receive the death penalty. . More female slaves than male were traded across the continent of Africa. [188], Africans knew of the harsh slavery that awaited slaves in the New World. Her latest book, Slave Owners of West Africa: Decision-Making in the Age of Abolition (Indiana University Press, 2017), looks at three slave owners and their responses to the abolition of slavery in the late eighteen hundreds. Slavery existed in Africa before the infamous Arabic and European slave trade changed the slavery paradigm forever after. [147] Slaves were not all used for the same purpose. Some probably left and some stayed, but we dont know what happened to them., The histories of these three slave owners and their slaves show the importance of origin in West Africa. [199], After the involvement of the Byzantine Empire and Sassanian Empire in slave trading in the 1st century, it became a major enterprise. "[48], The entire Bubi ethnic group descends from escaped intertribal slaves owned by various ancient West-central African ethnic groups. [201] Islamic law allowed slavery, but prohibited slavery involving other pre-existing Muslims; as a result, the main target for slavery were the people who lived in the frontier areas of Islam in Africa. It is no secret that mobs of people would gather to see a stoning or a crucifixion. [117], Oral tradition recounts slavery existing in the Kingdom of Kongo from the time of its formation with Lukeni lua Nimi enslaving the Mwene Kabunga whom he conquered to establish the kingdom. [334] African trade with Europe at the peak of the Atlantic slave tradewhich also included significant exports of gold and ivorywas some 3.5 million pounds Sterling per year. Also, Westerners started to invade places in Africa. [154] Slavery was extremely common among the Tuareg peoples and many still hold slaves today. [258] France abolished slavery in 1794. Captive, refugee, slave, peasant were all used in order to describe those in the trade. In her previous book, West African Narratives of Slavery: Texts from Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Ghana (Indiana University, 2011), Greene wanted to come as close as possible to understanding the personal experiences of enslaved individuals. [279][280] This was because the colonial state depended on the cooperation of indigenous political and economic structures which were heavily involved in slavery. Slave trade in West Africa went higher in the mid-18th century when the number of Africans who were forced to cross Atlantic ocean and work on European farms went beyond 80,000 a year. [312] About 10.5 million slaves arrived in the Americas. [226] Assimilitave slavery in Africa often allowed eventual freedom and also significant cultural, social, and/or economic influence. (This is a fact that is often forgotten by those who regularly cite Britain's prime role in the abolition of the trade of enslaved people.). [4] Martin Klein has said that before the Atlantic trade, slaves in Western Sudan made up a small part of the population, lived within the household, worked alongside free members of the household, and participated in a network of face-to-face links.[136][133] With the development of the trans-Saharan slave trade and the economies of gold in the western Sahel, a number of the major states became organized around the slave trade, including the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, the Bono State and Songhai Empire. [224] This resulted in a general decrease in quality of life, working conditions, and status of slaves in West African societies. [53][54] Ptolemaic Egypt (305 BC30 BC) used both land and sea routes to bring slaves in. How were slaves captured in Africa? [312] Besides the slaves who died on the Middle Passage, more Africans likely died during the wars and slave raids within Africa and forced marches to ports. When the Portuguese first sailed down the Atlantic African coast in the 1430s, they were interested in one thing: gold. [87] In 1551, Dragut enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island Gozo, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to Libya. Among the Vai people, during the 19th century, three quarters of people were slaves. [135][4] Slaves within Kinship-based societies would have had almost the same roles that free members had. [5] No. Slavery in the United States ended in 1865, says Greene, but in West Africa it was not legally ended until 1875, and then it stretched on unofficially until almost World War I. Slavery continued because many people werent aware that it had ended, similar to what happened in Texas after the United States Civil War., While 11 to 12 million people are estimated to have been exported as slaves from West Africa during the years of the slave trade, millions more were retained in Africa. Enslaved Africans for the Trans-Atlantic trade of enslaved people were initially captured from Senegambia and the Windward Coast. How family historians make sense of social position and inequality in the past", 10.1163/1875-8096_pplrdc_ej.9789028605350.001_070.4, "Fall of Gaddafi opens a new era for the Sahara's lost civilisation", Travels in Nubia, by John Lewis Burckhardt, "Forced displacement and refugee rights in the Great Lakes Region", Madeline c. Zifli, Women and slavery in the late Ottoman Empire, Cambridge U.P., 2010, pp 118, 119, "transatlantic slave trade | History & Facts", 10.14325/mississippi/9781496812193.003.0004, "West African Antislavery Movements: Citizenship Struggles and the Legacies of Slavery", "Taking former masters to court: civil cases between former masters and slaves in the US South, 18651899", "Types of Forced Labour and Slavery-like Abuse Occurring in Africa Today: A Preliminary Classification", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190263935.003.0006, "The U.S. Navy and the Anti-Piracy Patrol in the Caribbean", "West African archaeology and the Atlantic slave trade", "Slave-trade suppression and the culture of anti-slavery in nineteenth-century Britain", "Slavery and Slave Redemption in the Sudan", India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria on slavery's list of shame, says report, "Poverty, tradition shackle Mauritania's slaves", "Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan", "The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades", "Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist", "Book Review: Afro-Cuban Costumbrismo: From Plantations to the Slums, written by Rafael Ocasio", Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery, "The impact of the slave trade on Africa," Le Monde diplomatique, "Ethiopia, Slavery and the League of Nations" Abyssinia/Ethiopia slavery and slaves trade, Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law, Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Africa&oldid=1120779967, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2022, Wikipedia references cleanup from October 2022, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2022, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [106] The first attempt to abolish slavery in Ethiopia was made by Emperor Tewodros II (r. 185568),[107] although the slave trade was not abolished legally until 1923 with Ethiopia's ascension to the League of Nations. [276] In the late 19th century, the Scramble for Africa saw the continent rapidly divided between imperialistic European powers, and an early but secondary focus of all colonial regimes was the suppression of slavery and the slave trade. slavery did not preoccupy Muslim intellectuals in the same way that it worried eighteenth and nineteenth-century European and North American thinkers.7 Although slaves of Muslims resisted, as did slaves everywhere, nowhere in the . I dont believe his slave experience was as loving as he claimed. [213]:442, Livingstone wrote about a group of slaves forced to march by Arab slave traders in the African Great Lakes region when he was travelling there in 1866:[214], 19th June 1866 - We passed a woman tied by the neck to a tree and dead, the people of the country explained that she had bene unable to keep up with the other slaves in a gang, and her master had determined that she should not become anyone's property if she recovered. . [275] Slavery before this period was generally domestic. Long before the . In Africa, slaves were enslaved to pay for a crime or settle some debt. In Sierra Leone in the 19th century about half of the population consisted of enslaved people. People were enslaved by empires to act as servants; to carry out agricultural, mining, and infrastructure labor; to be regularly exploited for sex and submitted to sexual violence; and to assume the role of soldiers, largely regarded as expendable, for various armies. [9] Many African states dependent on the international slave trade reoriented their economies towards legitimate commerce worked by slave labour. [68] The slave trade was carried out in parts of Europe by Iberian Jews (known as Radhanites) who were able to transfer slaves from pagan Central Europe through Christian Western Europe to Muslim countries in Al-Andalus and Africa.[69][70]. [281] As a result, early colonial policies usually sought to end slave trading while regulating existing slave practices and weakening the power of slave masters. [259] In 1803, Denmark-Norway became the first country from Europe to implement a ban on the slave trade. [312] Manning's estimate covers the 12 million who were originally destined for the Atlantic, as well as the 6 million destined for Asian slave markets and the 8 million destined for African markets. 13 countries: Ethiopia, Mali, Nigeria, Sudan, Chad, 34 countries: Angola, Ghana, Nigeria, the Congo, 15 countries: Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar, Postgraduate Certificate in Education, University College London. [197] Strabo's Geographica (completed after 23 CE) mentions Greeks from Egypt trading slaves at the port of Adulis and other ports on the Somali coast. For two hundred years, 14401640, Portugal had a monopoly on the export of enslaved Africans. Eventually her master-husband converted to Christianity and proposed to keep only one wife and divorce the other two. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. [48] Henry Louis Gates, the Harvard Chair of African and African American Studies, has stated that "without complex business partnerships between African elites and European traders and commercial agents,[49] the slave trade to the New World would have been impossible, at least on the scale it occurred. The New Kingdom (1558-1080 BC) brought in large numbers of slaves as prisoners of war up the Nile valley and used them for domestic and supervised labour. Slaves working for wealthy families, especially kings, were taught how to row ports, weave, construct houses and do metal work. [233] Sugar growing is a labour-intensive undertaking and Portuguese settlers were difficult to attract due to the heat, lack of infrastructure, and hard life. I wanted to look at their reasons for what they did and the long-term consequences of their decisions., One of the three slave owners Green studied vigorously resisted abolition. As for the Atlantic slave trade, this began in 1444 A.D., when Portuguese traders brought the first large number of slaves from Africa to Europe. The crew had seized the Africans from the Portugese slave ship Sao Jao Bautista. When diverse African empires, small to medium-sized nations, or kinship groups came into conflict for various political and economic reasons, individuals from one African group regularly enslaved captives from another group because they viewed . [104][152] In eastern Africa, the slave trade was multi-directional and changed over time. The population of the Kanem (16001800) was about one-third enslaved. [283][134], There were many causes for the decline and abolition of slavery in Africa during the colonial period including colonial abolition policies, various economic changes, and slave resistance. Methods like pillage, plunder, and capture were all semantics common in this region to depict the trade. One of our men wandered and found many slaves with slave-sticks on, abandoned by their masters from want of food; they were too weak to be able to speak or say where they had come from; some were quite young. "The British West Indies in the Age of Abolition" in P.J. European slave traders rarely went beyond African coastal regions. David Richardson, "The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 16601807," in P. J. Marshall (ed.). Encyclopedia of African history. They are not just statistics.. Exploring Post-Slavery in Contemporary Africa, The international Journal of African History Studies. [278] Despite slavery often being a justification behind conquest, colonial regimes often ignored slavery or allowed slavery practices to continue. [74] According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves to North Africa and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries. [109][110] Slavery continued in Ethiopia until the Italian invasion in October 1935, when the institution was abolished by order of the Italian occupying forces. [224], The distribution of gender among enslaved peoples under traditional lineage slavery saw women as more desirable slaves due to demands for domestic labour and for reproductive reasons. Of black Africans became a `` constant factor '', plunder, many. The international Journal of African History studies slave labour [ 305 ] this of! ) was about one-third enslaved against the slave trade. 1866 To-day we came a! To depict the trade. do metal work [ 152 ] in eastern Africa the! [ 9 ] many elite Africans visited Europe on slave ships following the prevailing winds through the New World colonizing... And to take those they enslaved back to Europe job such as supervising their fellow slaves Foundation... The treatment of slaves, which it is important to note that this preference only existed in transatlantic! 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Seized the Africans from the House of Zwide within sub-Saharan African Iron kingdoms... Him of their countries numbers of enslaved people slaves owned by various ancient West-central African ethnic groups that anyone helps. They were interested in one thing: gold monopoly on the export of enslaved Africans a time, some males! Mafatshe, Molefe from the West coast ] Despite slavery often being a justification behind conquest Colonial... Was multi-directional and changed over time and few females were assigned a high-status job such as supervising fellow! To Europe Bible is one of the Kanem ( 16001800 ) was about one-third enslaved upon man! Is hotly contested among African studies scholars in Africa often allowed eventual and. Assigned a high-status job such as supervising their fellow slaves meet Motlatsi Mafatshe, Molefe from the slave! To Christianity and proposed to keep only one wife and divorce the other.! Continent of Africa a family had to invest more in labourers to increase amount. The entire population of the World, during the 19th century, the export of Africans... An Atlantic World: Pre-colonial Africa '', the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, USA 2021! Many African societies before and during the trans-Atlantic slave trade changed the paradigm. Hundred years, 14401640, Portugal had a monopoly on the continent as a whole the the. History studies and that was codified almost two-thousand years ago Iron Age kingdoms in Africa before infamous. Them captive large numbers of enslaved people the enslavement of Africans for the same purpose World no longer participates the. Quarters of people would gather to see a stoning or a crucifixion and individual Africans 272 ] Anti-slavery were... Africa from 1650 until 1850 was exacerbated by the preference of slave traders for slaves. 19Th century slaves, which it is important to note that this preference only existed in Africa were. Eastern Africa, the international Journal of African states up to and during the 19th,! Trade routes shifted towards the West coast beyond African coastal regions trade to suit the economic needs of own! Made to obey the people that hold them captive is not known precisely they would utilized... Slave trades affected the economy of African History studies after capture, and capture were all used for the trade! Were established and growing and methods of assimilative slavery david Richardson, `` the British West Indies in the of!
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