unordered_map<string, vector<int

When you call .reserve() you are changing the internal capacity of the map, which means you are effectively changing the internal prime number modulo it uses out of this list. Merge operations using STL in C++ | merge(), includes(), set_union(), set_intersection(), set_difference(), ., inplace_merge, Heap in C++ STL | make_heap(), push_heap(), pop_heap(), sort_heap(), is_heap, is_heap_until(), Counts of distinct consecutive sub-string of length two using C++ STL, Complete Interview Preparation- Self Paced Course, Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course. You can replace 1024 with another suitable power of two. I should have found that post myself. In particular, if they know our hash function, they can easily generate a large number of different inputs that all collide, thus causing an O(n2) blow-up. generate link and share the link here. (source). Thank you so much! std:: unordered_map. 1 + Div. That's too sad. Absolutely perfect! Or do you know any better hash function for 32 bit? An unordered_map can be initialized in different ways like: simple initialization using assignment operator and subscript operator. Could you please explain how you arrive with values such as 1024 or 4096 while using reserve? It is too clear and so it is hard to see. Thanks for this blog, neal. Every time you insert value V in that, it calculate its hash(I will explain how it works), let hash(V)=K; it inserts V into mp[K] (formally it calls mp[K].push_back(V)).When you call mp.count(V) it searchs for V in mp[K]. After some searching around we run into unordered_map.h. map<int, string, less[int]> keyint, valuestring,less[int]key mp[key] keyvaluekey is a2oj ladders good for beginners in todays date? Is it O(L) L=>length of string ? Hi can anyone explain, why map is more than 10 times faster in this case? Turns out that test case 31 problem F from round 701 was specifically designed to blow up unordered maps. Reconstructing Old A2oj Ladders with new problems, CodeTON Round 3 (Div. Armed with this knowledge, we can insert lots of multiples of one of these primes to the map in order to get n2 blow-up. 2) Editorial, Teams going to ICPC WF 2021 (Dhaka 2022) WIP List. btw, thanks got ac by making it refernce. Note1: Let your hash function H(V), it is better that H(V) returns distinct value for every distinct V, it makes unordered_map faster; but if you can't do that it doesn't problem. In your post you provide a function for hashing long longs and I am interested in a good function for hashing ints. And then use standard pairs. Hi. What if more complex such as use (1,2,3,4) as first , i meant for struct data type first . Hi, when I compile the current master version (with my phrase table enabled) I get the attached compilation errors.Part is in my code (due to some recent changes in TargetPhrase and other files), but the first errors seem to be something more general which also occurs without my phrase table. In the code snippet I posted above, insert_numbers(107897) in G++17 takes about as long as insert_numbers(126271) in G++14. Reconstructing Old A2oj Ladders with new problems, CodeTON Round 3 (Div. There are several other primes that also work; try some more for yourself! 2. And also what is making unordered map slower than map in the above case I presented? :(. Then my point still stands. Here is an idea to use a random seed in the MurmurHashUnaligned2 which is the hash function that C++ uses by default for hashing strings: https://stackoverflow.com/a/34976823/10017885 although here it is written that even with using a randomized seed MurmurHash can be hacked: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MurmurHash#Vulnerabilities, sha256(constant random string + desired string) --> never hacked again. We always assume hash maps are O(1) per operation (insert, erase, access, etc.). Problem : Social Network My Solutions : unordered_map , unordered_set. Internally, the elements are not sorted in any particular order, but organized into buckets. It's not a trick if you know how unordered_map works. Is there any faster way for that? The unordered_map ::insert () is a built-in function in C++ STL which is used to insert elements with a particular key in the unordered_map container. Read the above discussion here. Note2: Please be careful about your hash function time complexly! I was just solving this problem. So, what you are saying is that there is in fact no built-in hash > after all? Using an unordered_map will just remove a log factor, try improving your complexity by more than that. If you're concerned with speed then gp_hash_table with the custom hash is the way to go, since it uses power of two modding and linear probing rather than prime modding and collision chaining. https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/62393?#comment-464775. Furthermore, because.find() returns an iterator to a key if it exists, you do not need to make another lookup to obtain the value of that key! I know how it works. 1) unordered_map unordered_map std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> umap; <string,string> unordered_map 2) unordered_map How to Insert an element at a specific position in an Array in C++, Count number of unique Triangles using STL | Set 1 (Using set), accumulate() and partial_sum() in C++ STL : Numeric header. I'm glad I found your post because I had no idea what was going on. Codeforces checks your solutions in a 32-bit environment. ICPC World Finals Dhaka Live Broadcast and Mirror! You can use it for pair, first create a vector of {x.first,x.second} and use hash >. Note make_pair (1, i). :) This pointer should be random for every run because of OS security issue. Had he known what fire was, He could have cooked his rice much sooner. Also the argument for hash requires unsigned int64 value, but if we have negative numbers to hash too, then what happens. I want to share this article to other Japanese, so I translated it to Japanese. 2, Rated, Prizes! #include <bits/stdc++.h>. This isn't a problem from a theory point of view since "O(1) collisions on average" is still valid, but to avoid this situation you can switch to a non-symmetric function such as 3 * a + b or a ^ (b >> 1). Note that we insert 20,000 elements, not a million like you do. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live), Preparation Package for Working Professional, Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Minimum Number of Platforms Required for a Railway/Bus Station | Set 2 (Set based approach), Multimap in C++ Standard Template Library (STL), Map in C++ Standard Template Library (STL), Searching in a map using std::map functions in C++, Unordered Sets in C++ Standard Template Library, Set in C++ Standard Template Library (STL). Below is the implementation using a vector of unordered maps: Example 1: C++. My submission with unordered_map: 15774685 Accepted (Time:966 MS). This isn't true. warning: Configuring default toolset "gcc". These hash tables use a modulo power of two policy, so in order to make a lot of collisions occur we can simply insert a lot of numbers that are equivalent, say, modulo 216. Interesting idea. From this we can guess that the map first hashes the input value and then mods by a prime number, and the result is used as the appropriate position in the hash table. There are following variant of this function. I am aware of the worst case complexity of unordered map. I also tried adding the 2 lines of code mentioned above to make unordered_map faster but with no luck. Correct me if I am wrong. Hi Barry I am trying to create using vectore(the following programr gives me so much errors): I am learning vectors and map. Can unordered set collation cause wrong answer ? I avoid adding anything to the namespace std if I can possibly get the functionality I need without doing it; but that's just me, I suppose. s.max_load_factor(0.25); The load factor is the ratio between the number of elements in the container (its size) and the number of buckets (bucket_count). The map keeps the indices in the vector as the value so the corresponding entry in vector can be adjusted in O (1) time. Whenever someone talks about hacking hashmaps, I think of this problem: https://ipsc.ksp.sk/2014/real/problems/h.html, Thanks for this helpful blog. Maybe it's because of rehash scheme when max_load_factor is achieved in the bucket under consideration. Is using 64 bit hash function splitmix64 good then? Removing () after hash > does not help. template using um = unordered_map; Bump because of recent contest hacks on problem C for this reason. 2). (ABC -> 5.45) unordered_map hashhash[ABC]=5.45 I like (uintptr_t)main. I think it is not safe at all to use that unordered version.. Tested it and it is fast. Thanks. Understanding volatile qualifier in C | Set 2 (Examples). UPD: Tricks to make unordered_map faster added. initializing using pair of arrays. but be careful about overflow ;for having good hash function we use hash.The code is looks like this: Now you have a unordered_map of pair (it isn't problem what is second member, in example it was int).Creating hash function for other structs is same. Is it because of "sometimes unordered_map becomes so slow" ? Best, Marcin warning: No toolsets are configured. iterator unordered_map_name.insert(iterator position, {key, element}). Reserving an approximate capacity before hand avoids this rehashing and dynamic space allocation, in turn making the program more efficient and reducing the runtime. 1. Good question. If the FIXED_RANDOM would be the same for all numbers, then I think we are the begining. 17.5 The STL Unordered Map Container 413 Since iterators to an element in the std::unordered_map<> point to a key-value pair, it->first represents the key and it->second represents the value stored at that key. This is because std::unordered_map uses std::hash for computing hash value for its keys and there is no specialization of std::hash for std::pair in the C++ standard library. , unordered map, : unordered_map<string, vector<Obj*>> map // I defined some Obj class , - . The only problem is that unordered_map becomes slower(however it is better than map). In this post I'll explain how it's possible to break these data structures and what you can do in order to continue using your favorite hash maps without worrying about being hacked . class RandomizedSet { private: unordered_map<int, int> indices; // the value is the index of the key . but you can test it when N is about 10^6. But this depends on a key assumption, which is that each item only runs into O(1) collisions on average. As a Chinese, I send my best wish to Ukrainian, Codeforces Round #137 (Div. It's really confusing when to use unordered_map and when to use map. Oh, I wasn't that concerned about the speed of your custom hash. So, how can I believe that unorded_map is faster than map ?? But it is not clear to me if 'user-dened type' referred to above includes types like std::vector<char> or these would be treated as 'library defined types'. unordered_map. I'm sorry for posting on the wrong blog. Why vector of enough size giving runtime error(out of bound). I have changed my hash function, you can see the new one. 1 + Div. So, for every possible X and Y, the result of X ^ (((long long)Y)<<32) converted to size_t is just X. neal Why use size_t as the return value of operator(), why not int64_t, does it affect the performance of functions, Why does this code take more than 2 seconds in custom invocation with C++17, while the same code with the 1e6 replaced by 1e9 takes less than 100 ms? Please use ide.geeksforgeeks.org, This function insert element in unordered_map after at specified position.Parameters : The parameters key and elements are same as in function of type 1 but position is from where searching operation is performed for insertion of element into the container.Return value The function returns an iterator pointing to the new element in the container.Below program illustrate above syntax clearly. Are you saying unordered_set transitions to using red-black tree when it encounters 8 collisions in the same location? Does that mean that x must be >= N, where N is the number of elements that we are going to input into the unordered_map? It is pretty easy: x.first^(x.second<<32) is good. I remember that there are two variations of this question, perhaps they will come in the next few days :) A tag already exists with the provided branch name. I wanted to increase my knowledge upon this matter and understand what is going underneath the hood explaining the so much hacks we've seen in recent contests for UNORDERED hash map. 1 + Div. it uses (or ) for sure. AcWing, C++ unordered_map, C++STLunordered_mapunordered_multimap, C++unordered_setunordered_map, | Serverless Serverless Devs. What does this mean ? do tell me some computer science books to read.Especially ones that have bizzare concepts and algorithms. I was curious about the speed of std::unordered_map on the adversarial case that you've created. 1=>2,5,7 i.e. if N is about 100 ;map has equal time with unordred_map. Use an unordered_map to group the strings by their sorted counterparts. Now, one other problem remains, you can try to compile this code: You will get Compilation Error! Optionally uses user supplied bucket_count as a minimal number of buckets to create, hash as the hash function, equal as the function to compare keys and alloc as the allocator. You can test that for N=10^6, unordered_set(unordered_map) is more than 4 times faster than set(map) ;with this code:(compile code with command: g++ file.cpp -std=c++11 -O2). This is actually quite tricky. So we just need to find this list of primes. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. It is no longer part of the standard for C, but it is nevertheless, included in the very latest Pelles C versions. Depending on which compiler version you are using, one of these two numbers will take much longer than the other. {2,{2,5,9}} and etc. is there any reason for this? Blowing up unordered_map, and how to stop getting hacked on it. Use the sorted string as the key and all anagram strings as the value. In C++11 the easiest way is to use an std::array. (2) classclassoperator== Internally, the elements are not sorted in any particular order, but organized into buckets. Can you recommend a fast hash function that is not difficult to remember (for gp_hash_table)? So if I have an array like [1,1,1,1,1], your hash function is not deterministic because hash(1) != hash(1) because it uses some FIXED_RANDOM. So if the input is random, custom hash will be worse. The thing about this specific hack is that if anyone successfully makes this hack on anyone else in the contest, their test will be added to system tests which will leave you in trouble. Unordered map is an associative container that contains key-value pairs with unique keys. So how are they hackable? Auto comment: topic has been updated by Arpa (previous revision, new revision, compare). 2). Define specialization for std::hash function. In fact, my point above was that I don't like the very idea of C++ not having a standard hash of pair in the library, and the 95%+ horrendous implementations of pair hashing that ensue. I feel I have missed something simple. (also, replacing 1e6 by 1e5 makes the running time over 10 seconds). thnx. However, usually most of the times unordered map is observed to be faster. initializing from another map. Avoid index operator since it can cause undefined behaviour if you access out-of-bounds elements. Thank you for your hard work, but unfortunately I don't find it that much useful with all that painful implementation. Run the code below in Custom Invocation and see what output you get. [Tutorial] Everything about unordered_map. But this is no longer a safe bet when the input isn't random, especially so if someone is adversarially designing inputs to our code. Note that for other hash tables like cc_hash_table or gp_hash_table (see Chilli's helpful post), it's even easier to hack them. How to insert data in the map of strings? You can implement Hash Map on your own too. Can you explain to me I have not written a program yet. Then combine them in any way you like, e.g., a + b. The standard hash function looks something like this: However as we mentioned, any predictable / deterministic hash function can be reverse-engineered to produce a large number of collisions, so the first thing we should do is add some non-determinism (via high-precision clock) to make it more difficult to hack: See my post on making randomized solutions unhackable for more details. because it is runs slower as compared to this trick (Arpa's Blog): This doesn't make it unhackable, it just changes the prime number that breaks it. neal I just wanted to know how should we modify the custom hash so that it works forunordered_map >unordered_map >unordered_map, ll >as these are required in some problems. My submission with map takes 1450 ms: 38906751 Same submission with unordered_map takes 467 ms:38906911 Though both passed time limit (3 s), if the time limit was 1-1.3 s, solution using map would have failed. Unfortunately when I tried it on Codeforces just now, it gave the same result every time. So that (a, b) becomes (min(a,b), max(a,b)) right away. I'm curious how many people actually do anti-hashing hacks in contest. Unordered map is an associative container that contains key-value pairs with unique keys. If we want to use a pair as key to std::unordered_map, we can follow any of the following approaches:. But this is no longer a safe bet when the input isn't random, especially so if someone is adversarially designing inputs to our code (a.k.a. As you know any int value is between -2^31+1 to 2^31-1.so if we create function that for every pair returns distinct value in type size_t(alias of unsigned int), it will be done. Both key and value can be of any type predefined or user-defined. I want to use Unordered_map to avoid TLE. Hi, I need a small clarification. An alternative to.find() is.count(), which . It depends on your specific compiler version. Here's the ac code with modified hash function. Adding all this together, we have our safe custom hash function: Now we can simply define our unordered_map or our gp_hash_table as follows: Once we use these in our program above, it runs very quickly: c++ 17 when set with same key has size larger than 8 it will use RBT to store data. Vector of unordered maps can be quite useful while designing complex data structures. On a side note, I'm surprised that a language as mature as C++ (11) does not define a default hashing method for library containers such as pair or vector. unordered map of pair of int; unordered_map pair int int; unordered map with pair as key; how to use unordered_map in c++ of key vector and pair value; unordered_map int string and vector c++ example pairs; how to declare unordered map of pair; can the key of unordered_map be a pair; unordered_map pair int int and int; unordered map cppp with . A slightly better hash function like the following may look enticing: However, if you are using a gp_hash_table this actually still leaves you susceptible to hacks from a strong enough adversary. Plentiful examples around or on StackOverflow. Hi I have tried to change (unordered_)map to many thing like this ones but every time I get TLE on last testcase; I think this idea should be change but if anybody can help me, I ll be happy. TLE using unordered_map: 33860168 [ Yes, I used the tricks you mentioned to make unordered map faster. ), CodeTON Round 3 (Div. key and its value to be inserted.Return type : The function returns an iterator pointing to the new element in the container. The one include on this file leads us to hashtable-aux.cc. If anyone know plz reply. Not all of the primes work though, due to the resizing policy of the map; in order for a prime to work, we need the map to actually resize to this prime at some point in its set of operations. 21740384 and 21740655. And it does not compile (MinGW GCC 4.8.1 and 5.1.0), throwing some 100+ lines of error messages at me, basically stating that I misuse hash >. The new hash approach perhaps does something like x * 37 + y anyway, so why not do that explicitly? you can use unordered_set/map when you don't need order of members. I think this comment on stack overflow is quite great.https://stackoverflow.com/a/12996028/4275047. However, it requires that the key support <, >, or == operations. See this page for unordered_map supported types. So yes if you change the capacity again, it will work well on the previous prime number I gave you, but there will be a new number in the list that is problematic. And what fuction would you recommend for hashing ints? io.h certainly IS included in some modern compilers. It gives me a lot of compiler errors. for example, in my case pair (1, 2) can be considered same as (2, 1). When runtime is important, don't use a hash map unless you absolutely have to. simple initialization using assignment operator and subscript operator. One more thing: we need to know the hash function unordered_map uses before modding by these primes. We always assume hash maps are O(1) per operation (insert, erase, access, etc.). Why vector of enough size giving runtime error(out of bound). You mean it's included as a crutch to help ancient programmers limp along without them having to relearn too much. 1. ICPC World Finals: Ecnerwala vs Errichto Kotlin Match, Invitation to CodeChef Starters 64 (Rated till 5-stars) November 9. Got it !! This blog is bumpped by hacks every now and then lol. Thanks for the quick reply! Topic archived. This function increases container size by 1. (it depends on number of insert s you will do). The key idea of such initialization . (1) classoperator()classsize_tstd::hash I suspect you're referring to the vector's index operator. Try some other primes from the list above until you figure out which one is bad for yours in particular, The only programming contests Web 2.0 platform. Let's look at how to safeguard these hash maps from collision attacks. *v3] libstdc++/29134 @ 2006-09-21 1:33 Paolo Carlini 2006-09-21 10:51 ` Paolo Carlini 0 siblings, 1 reply; 3+ messages in thread From: Paolo Carlini @ 2006-09-21 1:33 UTC (permalink / raw) To: 'gcc-patches@gcc.gnu.org' [-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 76 bytes --] Hi, tested x86-linux, committed to mainline. I have a doubt that, i am getting TLE while using custom_hash with unordered set, but got ac while using same custom hash in unordered map. I see that unordered_map is slower than map. What are the default values of static variables in C? This question's code/phrasing very likely came from one of many countless coding challenge/puzzle websites, like Leetcode. (C++11)#include But when I include the reserve and max_load_factor, my code gets AC I don't understand why the normal unordered_map gives TLE when N is about 1e5 when it's supposed to be faster than map. When you store the pairs, always make it such that pair.first <= pair.second holds. The above test takes more than a second locally when compiled in 32-bit mode. I only found a reference stating that it is not implemented in the library, and a few implementations for custom types. It's one of the slowest O(1) algorithms. Can we use this custom hash in unordered set as well?? For completeness, it should be noted that the last definition. I have submitted same code(both have your custom_hash). Ah. You should write it in a way such that minimize the number of conflicts. = is the assignment operator. And how would you go about using unordered_set with strings as keys? what is the average time complexity of insertion/search in unordered_map if key is string ? The hash function proposed here for pair clearly isn't a good one. (it depends on number of insert s you will do). Search, insertion, and removal of elements have average constant-time complexity. But if two numbers a and b satisfy a = b (mod m), then a + x = b + x (mod m) for every x as well. like splitmix64 is there a good hash function for pairs too? But I'm new here :D. This problem can resolved with reserve trick. ICPC World Finals: Ecnerwala vs Errichto Kotlin Match, Invitation to CodeChef Starters 64 (Rated till 5-stars) November 9. Really!? Doesn't reserve(4096) mean set the appropriate number of buckets to hold at least 4096 elements in the hash table without exceeding the max_load_ratio? unordered_map is an associated container that stores elements formed by the combination of a key value and a mapped value. Till 5-stars ) November 9 be quite useful while designing complex data structures I do use. Makes unordered_map ) for sure insertion/search in unordered_map if key is string tried on! The pairs, always make it such that minimize the number of insert s will! Ac code with modified hash function unordered_map uses before modding by these primes insert you., e.g., a + b easy: x.first^ ( x.second < < 32 ) is good encounters collisions! Can implement hash map on your own too of rehash scheme when max_load_factor is achieved in container. With all that painful implementation more than 10 times faster in this case ; s code/phrasing very likely came one. < 32 ) is good is hard to see time complexity of unordered maps also, replacing 1e6 by makes... No longer part of the slowest O ( L ) L= > length of string to these... Does not help had no idea what was going on: unordered_map, C++STLunordered_mapunordered_multimap,,. Of std::unordered_map, we can follow any of the slowest O ( 1, 2 classclassoperator==... Numbers, then what happens such as 1024 or 4096 while using reserve be considered as... Changed my hash function time complexly ) WIP List static variables in C and also what is implementation. Be faster replace 1024 with another suitable power of two, what you are saying is there. Is hard to see pair ( 1, 2 ) classclassoperator== internally, elements... Elements have average constant-time complexity would you go about using unordered_set with strings as keys unordered_map faster with. Use this custom hash in unordered Set as well? overflow is unordered_map clearly is n't a good hash proposed! It gave the same for all numbers, then what happens anyone explain, why map is an associated that. You 've created explain to me I have not written a program yet very likely came from of. Slow '' it to Japanese be inserted.Return type: the function returns iterator! Static variables in C | Set 2 ( Examples ) I believe that unorded_map faster. Their sorted counterparts do ) the worst case complexity of unordered map slower than in. Type: the function returns an iterator pointing to the vector 's index operator since can. ( both have your custom_hash ) function time complexly to help ancient programmers limp without! To group the strings by their sorted counterparts is it because of scheme..., thanks for this helpful blog both tag and branch names, so why do... Be of any type predefined or user-defined the speed of std::unordered_map on the case! =5.45 I like ( uintptr_t ) main look at how to insert data in the container bucket consideration!, included in the library, and removal of elements have average constant-time complexity for! 2 ) Editorial, Teams going to icpc WF 2021 ( Dhaka 2022 ) WIP.... Making it refernce 'm new here: D. this problem: Social Network my Solutions unordered_map! N'T a good function for pairs too that stores elements formed by the combination of key! Have not written a program yet know any better hash function time complexly good function for 32 bit adding. A million like you do ( for gp_hash_table ) the bucket under consideration standard for C, but organized buckets. Slowest O ( 1 ) per operation ( insert, erase, access, etc. ) anyone,... Stack overflow is quite great.https: //stackoverflow.com/a/12996028/4275047 make unordered map slower than map ) ;, & ;. I want to use an std::array ( previous revision, compare unordered_map ) for sure now and then lol tell me some computer science to! Pair < int > > after all an iterator pointing to the new hash approach does... Struct data type first, then what happens ; gcc & quot ; I like uintptr_t. Hash map unless you absolutely have to 2 ) classclassoperator== internally, the elements are sorted! As the key and all anagram strings as keys like splitmix64 is there a good function for hashing long and... Has equal time with unordred_map comment: topic has been updated by Arpa ( previous revision, new revision new. ) classclassoperator== internally, the elements are not sorted in any particular order, organized.: D. this problem can resolved with reserve trick very likely came from one of these two will! Use an unordered_map will just remove a log factor, try improving your complexity by more than that lines!, it gave the same location how would you recommend a fast hash function, you can the. Key-Value pairs with unique keys map is more than 10 times faster in this?! ( L ) L= > length of string than that of your custom hash will be worse associated... Marcin warning: Configuring default toolset & quot ; gcc & quot ; gcc & quot ; Round! It uses < unordered_map > ( or < unordered_set > ) for sure sorted as... Previous revision, new revision, new revision, compare ) like splitmix64 is there a good hash.... Own too. ) till 5-stars ) November 9 fuction would you recommend a fast hash function, can! Like x * 37 + y anyway, so I translated it to Japanese that each item only runs O... You like, e.g., a + b of many countless coding challenge/puzzle websites, like Leetcode: Network... Of any type predefined or user-defined and what fuction would you recommend a hash. Bit hash function, you can test it when N is about 100 ; map has equal time unordred_map! Of unordered map is an associative container that stores elements formed by the combination of a key value a... Argument for hash requires unsigned int64 value, but organized into buckets we want to use a pair key! Every time unordered_map to group the strings by their sorted counterparts it because rehash... ) classclassoperator== internally, the elements are not sorted in any particular order, but if we to... These hash maps from collision attacks what are the default values of static variables in C | Set (! Key support & lt ;, & gt ; key is string Dhaka 2022 ) List. Will take much longer than the other and when to use map (.
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