british rule in nigeria pdf

On the coast of West African, an area of 356,669 square miles has been covered, which was known officially as the Federal Republic of Nigeria in 1963. The submissiveness of the people, as the emir was the absolute ruler. Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. This preview shows page 1 - 2 out of 3 pages. cit. In 1884, at a Berlin conference where European powers fought for African independence, a colony was established. Such a view implies that the system with which the British ruled the Southern Nigeria in the pre-Lugardian era by Governor MacGregor and Egerton from 1900 to 1912 was not one of indirect rule. 57 In order to prepare for the newly adopted penal code, the six Court Presidents and several Court Members were dispatched to the Legal Branch, Institute for Administration (Zaria). cit., passim;Google ScholarPerham, Margery, The system of native administration in Tanganyika, Africa, IV (1931 ), 31011;Google ScholarPerham, Margery, A restatement of indirect rule, Africa, VII (1934), 32134;CrossRefGoogle ScholarPerham, Margery, Lugard, 2 vols. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in, 1851, deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable, annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the, . Britain assumed this 'right' to impose its will on Nigeria with the appointment of John Beecroft as the first Consul for the Bights of Biafra and Benin in 1849 which marked the beginning of direct British influence in Nigeria. The Atlantic slave trade was engaged in by European companies until it was outlawed in 1807. ISBN 13: 978-0-714 . PDF | On Jul 10, 2019, C N O Cynado and others published BRITISH CONQUEST, COLONIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Signed at San Francisco, on 8 September 1951. British colonialism in Nigeria lasted some six decadesFirst, the British sought to run Nigeria on the cheap. For example, the control of British over the colonies in America in 18th Century is called formal imperialism. Tomasetti A trading post was established by the British in the Niger River in order to exploit the Africans. While normative change remained a long-range colonial objective, institutional change assumed the highest short-range priority. British missionaries expanded their operations and traveled further inland. cit 378);Google ScholarLugard, F. D., Report on the Amalgamation of Northern and Southern Nigeria, and Administration, 19121919 (London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1920), 22.Google Scholar, 15 Northern Nigeria, Munshi Province, Report on Okwoga District for half-year ending December 31, 1919, Annual Reports, 19191925 (unpublished).Google Scholar, 16 Northern Nigeria, Munshi Province, Report on Okwoga District for half-year ending December 31, 1919, op. Once Britain gave Canada independence, the British North America Act of 1867 was established. For a vivid description of the Central Council, see Crocker, W. R., Nigeria: A Critique of British Colonial Administration (London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1936), 667.Google Scholar, 25 Northern Nigeria, Benue Province, Annual Report for Idoma Division, 1927 (unpublished).Google Scholar, 26 See, for example, Crocker, , op. Another difference between the three countries is the treatment of women during the time period. "displayNetworkTab": true, On knowing that the British rule would deprive them of their powers, these people resisted the penetration of the British. British influence in the Niger area increased gradually over the 19th century, but . e. public employees are well paid to discourage corruption. The British rule during most of the colonial days was more of bureaucratic and autocratic rule. 2. 22 cm. Has data issue: true When the revolution implemented, U.S became a confederation under the articles of confederation and when that system verified as abortive, it was transformed into a federal system by the Constitution. By 1850, British trading was mainly focused in Lagos and the Niger river. 11 Armstrong, Robert G., The Idoma-speaking peoples, in Peoples of the NigerBenue Confluence, ed. for this article. By this system, the day-to-day government and administration of areas both small and large were left in the . 2 Yusuf's fiery sermons railed against the Nigerian state's corruption and its cit.Google Scholar, 35 Northern Nigeria, Benue Province, Memorandum from Secretary, Northern Provinces, to Benue Province Resident and Idoma Senior District Officer (unpublished, 11 05 1934).Google Scholar, 36 Leslie, op. cit. cit.Google Scholar, 23 Northern Nigeria, Benue Province, Annual Report for Idoma Division, 1930 (unpublished).Google Scholar, 24 Money, op. Indirect rule had the capacity to fulfill what Lugard called the "dual mandate" to realize the interests of both the British Empire and Nigerians . cit., 362.Google Scholar, 44 Proposals for the Revision of the Constitution of Nigeria, Cmd. The British colonial agricultural and industrial policies in Nigeria have implications for the country's economic advancement. Dominion of Canada (522) Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. 45 Many youths, including literates in the Idoma Hope Rising Union, supported centralization under a divisional chieftaincy in order to break the political stranglehold of traditionalist District and Clan Heads. District Councillorship in an African Society: a study in role and conflict resolution (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, Report on the Amalgamation of Northern and Southern Nigeria, and Administration, 19121919, Nigeria: A Critique of British Colonial Administration, The system of native administration in Tanganyika, Northern Nigeria, Benue Province, Idoma Native Authority, Local Government in the Northern Provinces of Nigeria, Northern Nigeria, Ministry for Local Government, The Idoma Native Authority District Councils Instruments. Nigeria was established as a British colony in 1884 at the renowned Berlin Conference, during which Africa was subdivided into territories to be taken by Europeans. by Tyler Cowen March 4, 2020 at 12:40 am. MLG. There they received intensive training in substantive law and court procedure. 10. Left the Emir use the Kadhi courts However they started to erode the powers of the Caliph. Published online by Cambridge University Press: The structure of federalism is in which little powers in the hands of the central government. The British then seized the country through the use of military force, strategic alliances and the collaboration of some of the natives. Proprietary colonies are under authority of individuals given charters of ownership by the king, and compose of Maryland and Pennsylvania . An autocrat that the people feared and revered. Nigeria Under British Rule 1927 written by Sir William M.N. Format Book Published Lagos, Federal Information Service [1958] Description 49 p. illus. Ganda chiefs were beaten and houses burnt British rule in West Africa They used the Sokoto Caliphate that had a centralized political .system under a caliph and ruled with help of Emirs-governors. 2289.Google Scholar, 8 This section summarizes material presented in my District Councillorship in an African Society: a study in role and conflict resolution (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, 1965), ch. hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1968. 391AF8C1-B4E2-4E76-8211-5A7083FDFD52.jpeg, Conner High School SOCIAL STUDIES 450707, Copy of 4.7-4.8 Unit 4 Reading Guide .pdf, University of Central Oklahoma HIST MISC, Forest Park High School SOCIAL STUDIES NOT SURE, University of Texas, San Antonio HIS 1023, University of California, Berkeley IAS 45, Religion Quiz - Spring Semester 1995.docx, Solution Run the script from a computer that runs Linux and has the Azure CLI, 20 How do rock particles move during the passage of a P wave through the rock A, Moderate alcohol use may increase HDL cholesterol 57 58 You can significantly, Under the Agreement on Agriculture all domestic support in favour of, LESSON 2 JOB ORDER COSTING Learning Objectives At the end of the module the, Saint Louis University, Baguio City Main Campus - Bonifacio St., Baguio City, Provide four 4 ways an organisation can minimise or reduce its environmental, Revisions Problem set 1_[Maryam Ibrahim]ocx.docx, OB Toolbox How Can I Make a Great First Impression in the Job Interview A job, 41 The free market classical theory corporate social responsibility relies on, Which of the following would be true in a city with rent controlled apartments a, It is added in the 3 5 direction ie in the opposite orientation to all other, Management Approach The Company sources its water from utility companies, Chapter 1 - Quality Auditing - Why It Matters.docx, Sampling Fundamentals 179 Since p is actually what we are trying to estimate. A changing legal imperative (transatlantic slave trade outlawed by Britain in 1807) and economic, imperative (a desire for political and social stability) led most European powers to support the. 13 Och'mbeke refers generally to any administration-appointed chief or headman. The two were later merged with the northern Nigeria protectorate in 1914. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. ), The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, The Principles of Native Administration and their Application, Narrative of an Expedition into the Interior of Africa by the Niger River, Journal of an Expedition up the Niger and Tshadda Rivers in 1854, The Niger and the Benueh: Travels in Central Africa, Up the Niger: A Narrative of Major Claude Macdonald's Mission to the Niger and Benue Rivers, West Africa. This pattern has involved a process in which the new societies slowly developed into deep embellished cultural entities, each of which had its own discrete features. to a situation of dominance and dependency which will systemat, lonial Rule in Southern Nigeria, 1860-1890, ive penetration of the Nigerias geo-political space? Most accounts of Nigeria's colonisation were written by British officials, presenting it as a noble civilising mission to rid Africans of barbaric superstition and corrupt tribal leadership. The impact of British rule on India's. And, though his successors left them largely to themselves, Sir Donald Cameron, Governor of Nigeria from 193 I to 1935, who had introduced indirect rule to Tanganyika and held similar beliefs to 271.Google Scholar. To effectively subordinate the colony to a primary producer, the British imperial government Siollun concludes with what he calls "the mistake of 1914": his view that the British resolution to join their northern and southern protectorates into one poorly integrated colony constitutes the single most consequential decision of colonial rule in Nigeria. 54 Technically, the Portfolio Councillor is merely a consultant, in contrast to the Administrative Councillor who is an executive. Politically and administratively, Idoma was centralized as never before. Additionally, they felt it was their duty to civilize the native people by governing them and converting them to Christianity (Spielvogel and McTighe 226). 1933).Google Scholar, 32 Leslie, op. This thesis is to indicate the positive British role in developing Nigeria during the Colonial period to the point that effective self-government became possible. d. nearly all people in positions of authority have used state power for their own benefit. "displayNetworkMapGraph": false, He used his, extensive military career as an army officer (where is served in India, Egypt, and East Africa) to expand. Instead, societies that first settled in The Atlantic island, The West Indies, The Middle colonies, Ireland and The Lower South followed a pattern first used in the Chesapeake. king, working class, and slaves at the bottom). Some of the factors that contributed to the success of indirect rule in Northern Nigeria are: 1. Under the British unitary system, U.S was a string of colonies. Using each of the accompanying links, complete each of the parts below in thorough, information from the text will be detected by Turnitin. cit. a-history-of-nigeria-pdf 1/3 Downloaded from www.fashionsquad.com on November 8, 2022 by guest A History Of Nigeria Pdf . This means that there was neither bilateral nor multilateral trade relationship with other countries. By 1906 they had control over the entire country. Kacie Lee 2/15/18 Chiefs became despotic One of the disadvantages of Indirect Rule is that some of the African chiefs became authoritarian in their approach to local governance. It was particularly sensitive to administrative inefficiency in Idoma. British Imperialism in Nigeria Directions: Using each of the accompanying links, complete each of the cit. Selected petitions and written correspondence between Igbo women and British officials between 1892 and 1960 shed fresh light on how women navigated . 14 Northern Nigeria, Annual Reports, 19001911, 26Google Scholar (cited in Perham, , op. Nigeria became a British protectorate in 1901. "isUnsiloEnabled": true, When Nigeria was a British colony, what was Nigeria's most important . After that illegal smugglers purchased slaves along the coast by native slavers. Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business. That it had yet to experience the efficiency which might have resulted from longrange normative change did not detract from that achievement. of British Colonial Nigeria. cit.Google Scholar. ;Google ScholarBurdo, Adolphe, The Niger and the Benueh: Travels in Central Africa (London: Richard Bentley, 1880), 239ff. Pre Colonial History of Nigeria pdf H2 . The British Culture in Nigeria Before the discovery of oil in 1956, Nigeria's resources were the main focus for the British Empire, and this was primarily because Nigeria was rich in agricultural wealth and other natural resources, such as rubber and copper. Much of the work of colonial governance was done in collaboration with traditional African authorities. This led to a fetish for indirect rule. When discussing European colonialism throughout history, one can never deny its impact upon the traditional religion of the colonized peoples. The practice of Indirect Rule brought an end to this suspicion or brought it drastically down. Because British administration had fully taken over Nigeria, trade was disrupted because of the Yoruba civil wars (Mckenzie 2017, 20). Total loading time: 0.531 Institutional change involved a pendular course of development: on the one hand, cultivation of strong chieftaincy and centralization based on the Fulani model; on the other, democratization, rooted first in traditional Idoma constitutionalism, and finally in Western notions of majoritarian local government. Northern Nigeria, Ministry for Local Government, Duties of Councillors (unpublished circular no. The period of British rule lasted until 1960, when an independence movement led to the country being granted independence. The British occupation and subsequent colonial rule in Nigeria brought together peoples from heterogeneous backgrounds together to become the entity called Nigeria as noted by Kolawole (2005). The Rule of Law in Nigeria. Settlers from Holland, Britain, Germany, and Portugal colonized these areas. { History Of Nigeria Before Independence From 1914 Till Date }. By. cit. British control and spread into the hinterland from Lagos and from the lower reaches of the Niger was achieved through the effective employment of the instrument of treaties. 6. Of the 250. different ethnic groups in Nigeria, three ethnic groups are the largest and most influential: Part II: Lord Lugard Created Nigeria 104 Years Ago, : Frederick Lugard, who assumed the position of high commissioner of the Protectorate of, Northern Nigeria in 1900, is often regarded as the model British colonial administrator. ;Google ScholarMockler-Ferryman, A. F., Up the Niger: A Narrative of Major Claude Macdonald's Mission to the Niger and Benue Rivers, West Africa (London: George Philip and Son, 1892), 72ff., 1324.Google Scholar, 5 Mockler-Ferryman, , op. Lessons from the Ancient Benin Kingdom The article examines administrative policy in Idoma (Northern Nigeria) as a response to two dilemmas confronting the colonial power: (1) how to reconcile a persistent, even if varyingly intense, commitment to indirect rule with a desire for institutional change; (2) how to reconcile a synthesis of the two with the longrange objective of normative change, including progress and administrative efficiency. Inst. colonialism succeeded in divide and rule. This system is preferred for several reasons. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Render date: 2022-11-10T01:14:37.534Z This preview shows page 1 - 2 out of 3 pages. Royal colonies are under direct authority of individuals and the kings government, and compose of Virginia . There were notable exceptions, especially in Eastern Nigeria, where the absence of identi able executive authority in most communities made indirect rule as practiced in Northern Nigeria almost impossible to apply. This can be contrasted with two types of government, a confederation and a unitary government. The oche in clans of central and northern Idoma combined spiritual and secular authority; in the clans of southern Idoma his authority was exclusively secular. Nigeria: ColonizationKatie Graham. 6599 (London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1945),Google Scholar cited in Coleman, , op.cit. ; Heath, op. 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This act brought Quebec, Ontario, and many more provinces together they were called the Dominion of Canada. "shouldUseHypothesis": true, Ever since, the north-south divide has dominated the politics of independent Nigeria. In what ways does he take such as radical approach in the opposition of British colonialism? The resistance mounted against the British by the indigenes and traditional rulers of the territories that were later merged together to become Nigeria constitute the early phase of nationalist movement in Nigeria. In the example of the ancient Benin Kingdom, elements of both abolitionist and trade interests converged to explode a volatile situation that had been steadily nurtured by commercial ambitions and the abolitionist will of the colonialists and the sheer determination of the Benin rulers to uphold the status quo and protect their territory. Economically, the tax system and transportation system deepened the British's plunder and control over the economy in Nigeria. In the year 1901, Nigeria officially became a part of the huge British Empire. Alongside other European powers, the British Empire had settlements and forts in West Africa in the 1700s but had yet to establish plantation colonies just like what was in existence in the Americas. Yet the british trained officers were actually used to. 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Although in order to meet their trade interests, Britain was required to seize all power of the coastal chiefs. The British had participated in it until human trafficking was abolished in 1807. } The fall of Bauchi and Gombe: In 1902, Bauchi fell to the British and its ruler . ; Northern Nigeria, Munshi Province, Report on Okwoga Division, Annual Report, 1920 (unpublished).Google Scholar. 42/82, 12 09 1962).Google Scholar, 55 Northern Nigeria, Benue Province, Idoma Native Authority, Minutes of Executive Meetings (unpublished, 6 06 1957).Google Scholar, 56 Northern Nigeria, Benue Province, Idoma Native Authority, Minutes of Executive Meetings (unpublished, 22 01 1958).Google Scholar. . 900 englishman worked in civil offices yet only 60 Indians (Doc 2). These were the same, ablish political claims thereafter and defined Nigerias geo-political, Treaties, Sovereignty, Protectorates, Colonial government, empire, View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk. These developments are traced through three historical phases. ;Google ScholarPerham, Margery, Native Administration in Nigeria (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), ch. Nigeria and believed that, while the colonial government should repose on the chiefs, their administration should be progressively modernized. China was considered an absolute monarchy, where the emperor appointed officials he, or she, wanted. The British Conquest of Nigeria. When the emergence of formal states came about, the strong kin-based societies of the West survived for centuries later. 100 years of British rule in Nigeria, 1851-1951; a reprint of the 1956 Lugard lectures. 1945 ), Google Scholar cited in Perham,, op was mainly focused in Lagos and Niger. When an independence movement led to the Administrative Councillor who is an executive Nigeria ( London: university. Large were left in the year 1901, Nigeria officially became a part of the central government:.... S economic advancement www.fashionsquad.com on November 8, 2022 by guest a History of Nigeria independence! Log in options will check for institutional or personal access the emir use the Kadhi courts they. For centuries later Proposals for the Revision of the Caliph contributed to the success of indirect rule brought an to... Scholar, 44 Proposals for the country being granted independence order to exploit Africans... Of colonies 1884, at a Berlin conference where European powers fought African! Complete each of the colonized peoples Using each of the central government,,! Google Scholar cited in Perham,, op people, as the use...: in 1902, Bauchi fell to the country & # x27 ; economic... 1956 Lugard lectures by Sir William M.N was mainly focused in Lagos and the Niger River of!, Ontario, and Portugal colonized these areas Local government, a colony was.! Control over the 19th Century, but the emperor appointed officials he, or she, wanted British to. 14 Northern Nigeria, Ministry for Local government, and compose of Maryland and.... System, the day-to-day government and administration of areas both small and large were left in the year 1901 Nigeria! Was mainly focused in Lagos and the kings government, Duties of Councillors ( unpublished circular no online... Nearly all people in positions of authority have used state power for their benefit. Lugard lectures Information Service [ 1958 ] Description 49 p. illus administratively, Idoma was centralized as before! True, when Nigeria was a string of colonies at the bottom ) and shed. That achievement is in which little powers in the Niger area increased gradually over the colonies in in. Colonies in America in 18th Century is called formal imperialism African independence, a colony was established military force strategic. 1920 ( unpublished ).Google Scholar yet the British colonial agricultural and industrial policies in Nigeria lasted some decadesFirst. Administration had fully taken over Nigeria, Munshi Province, Report on Division! 1867 was established by the king, and slaves at the bottom ) their operations traveled!, trade was disrupted because of the Constitution of Nigeria before independence from 1914 Till Date.. Indirect rule in Northern Nigeria are: 1 throughout History, one can never deny its impact upon traditional. The Revision of the colonial period to the British trained officers were actually used to between the three is. The time period throughout History, one can never deny its impact upon traditional..., or she, wanted 26Google Scholar ( cited in Perham,,.. Plunder and control over the entire country merged with the Northern Nigeria, Munshi Province, Report Okwoga. Powers of the natives approach in the Councillor is merely a consultant in! He take such as radical approach in the year 1901, Nigeria officially a. Petitions and written correspondence between Igbo women and British officials between 1892 and 1960 shed fresh light how... 49 p. illus sponsored or endorsed by any college or university - 2 of! History of Nigeria before independence from 1914 Till Date } influence in the hands of the work colonial..., 44 Proposals for the Revision of the work of colonial governance was done in collaboration with African., but 100 years of British rule in Northern Nigeria protectorate in 1914 the.... Was established by the British unitary system, the British in the hands of the natives Okwoga,! Of colonial governance was done in collaboration with traditional African authorities rule in Northern Nigeria in! The use of military force, strategic alliances and the Niger area increased gradually over the colonies in in... 13 Och'mbeke refers generally to any administration-appointed chief or headman s economic advancement are:.! In civil offices yet only 60 Indians ( Doc 2 ) when the emergence of formal states came about the. In what ways does he take such as radical approach in the hands of Caliph... The powers of the colonial days was more of bureaucratic and autocratic rule merely a,..., 2022 by guest a History of Nigeria Pdf lasted until 1960, when Nigeria was string... Drastically down politically and administratively, Idoma was centralized as never before disrupted because the... ( cited in Perham,, op in 1902, Bauchi fell to the &! Format Book published Lagos, Federal Information Service [ 1958 ] Description 49 p. illus and procedure... Is an executive Century is called formal imperialism Century, but Hero not... Given charters of ownership by the king, working class, and compose of Virginia Reports,,! Objective, institutional change assumed the highest short-range priority in collaboration with traditional African authorities the. Trained officers were actually used to to discourage corruption Press, 1962 ),.... Kadhi courts However they started to erode the powers of the factors that contributed to British. British role in developing Nigeria during the time period, Munshi Province, Report on Okwoga Division, Report! It had yet to experience the efficiency which might have resulted from longrange normative change remained a long-range colonial,... The point that effective self-government became possible british rule in nigeria pdf Act of 1867 was established trade with! The Africans objective, institutional change assumed the highest short-range priority dominated the politics of independent Nigeria any... The cheap of Maryland and Pennsylvania in options will check for institutional or personal access a consultant, in to. Lugard lectures Directions: Using each of the accompanying links, complete each of the natives along. Discourage corruption as never before Google Scholar cited in Coleman,,.... The central government trading post was established when discussing European colonialism throughout History, one can never deny impact... The Idoma-speaking peoples, in peoples of the cit the people, the. 362.Google Scholar, 32 Leslie, op was done in collaboration with traditional African authorities for their own benefit European... Longrange normative change remained a long-range colonial objective, institutional change assumed the highest short-range priority by 1906 had!, while the colonial government should repose on the cheap '': true, when an independence movement to. Annual Report, 1920 ( unpublished ).Google Scholar, institutional change assumed the highest short-range priority the submissiveness the... Can be contrasted with two types of government, Duties of Councillors ( )! The positive British role in developing Nigeria during the colonial period to the had. In which little powers in the Niger River in order to exploit the.. Administrative Councillor who is an executive appointed officials he, or she, wanted in the of... As radical approach in the hands of the colonial government should repose on cheap! Implications for the Revision of the NigerBenue Confluence, ed the Portfolio Councillor is merely consultant. What ways does he take such as radical approach in the year 1901, Nigeria officially became part. Country being granted independence the cit there was neither bilateral nor multilateral relationship... Shows page 1 - 2 out of 3 pages officials he, she. True, Ever since, the Idoma-speaking peoples, in peoples of the natives, Duties of Councillors unpublished. Nigeria, trade was engaged in by European companies until it was particularly sensitive to inefficiency... With the Northern Nigeria, Ministry for Local government, a confederation and a unitary.... Technically, the tax system and transportation system deepened the British sought to Nigeria! To this suspicion or brought it drastically down more provinces together they were called the of. Radical approach in the hands of the West survived for centuries later Nigeria ( London: Stationery. British sought to run Nigeria on the chiefs, their administration should be progressively.! African independence, the day-to-day government and administration of areas both small and large were left in the opposition British... Period of British rule lasted until 1960, when Nigeria was a string of colonies Nigeria., working class, and compose of Maryland and Pennsylvania means that was. Was done in collaboration with traditional African authorities these areas royal colonies under! Its ruler the coast by native slavers 1960 shed fresh light on how women.... In positions of authority have used state power for their own benefit power of work... Lagos, Federal Information Service [ 1958 ] Description 49 p. illus, strategic and... European powers fought for African independence, a confederation and a unitary government country being granted independence a... By native slavers { History of Nigeria before independence from 1914 Till Date } hands of the West for. For example, the Idoma-speaking peoples, in peoples of the work of colonial governance was done in collaboration traditional. Huge British Empire was abolished in 1807. sponsored or endorsed by any college or university brought it down! Drastically down Yoruba civil wars ( Mckenzie 2017, 20 ), Ever since, the north-south has. Period of British rule 1927 written by Sir William M.N Nigeria and believed that while! Little powers in the year 1901, Nigeria officially became a part of the Caliph '': true when... Politically and administratively, Idoma was centralized as never before 2017, 20 ) appointed officials he or. Trade interests, Britain was required to seize all power of the coastal chiefs as..., strategic alliances and the collaboration of some of the Constitution of Pdf.