Only a few U.S. Navy warships, led by the cruiser USSOlympia, stood between them and a powerful Spanish fleet. 510511. Wade McClusky was scanning the Pacific for any trace of the enemy. His emphasis on dispersal also meant none of his formations were in a position to support the others. Another 2040 minutes elapsed before Tone's scout finally radioed the presence of a single carrier in the American force. [150], Meanwhile, salvage efforts on Yorktown were encouraging, and she was taken in tow by fleet tug USSVireo. Scene on board USS Yorktown (CV-5), shortly after she was hit by three Japanese bombs on 4 June 1942. Ballard's subsequent search for the Japanese carriers was unsuccessful. Only U.S. government ships and aircraft were permitted to enter the naval defense areas at Midway Atoll unless authorized by the Secretary of the Navy. [138], The 1936 Battle of Gettysburg half dollar, Gettysburg Centennial Commemorative issue of 1963. By 1935 the islands had become a regular stopover point for transpacific flights. The invasion would allow the Confederates to live off the bounty of the rich Northern farms while giving war-ravaged Virginia a much-needed rest. In order to save valuable ammunition for the infantry attack that they knew would follow, the Army of the Potomac's artillery, under the command of Brigadier General Henry Jackson Hunt, at first did not return the enemy's fire. [66], Having taken off prior to the Japanese attack, American bombers based on Midway made several attacks on the Japanese carrier force. The other carrier was not sighted. Then, on 5 March, Japanese seaplanes, refueled from a submarine at French Frigate Shoals, Territory of Hawaii, conducted an armed reconnaissance mission over Oahu. [131] They attacked, crippling Yorktown with two torpedoes; she lost all power and developed a 23-degree list to port. A half-dozen Grumman F4F Wildcats from the Yorktown accompanied the slow-moving Devastators, and the Japanese combat air patrol responded immediately. [36] Eventually Heth's men encountered dismounted troopers of Col. William Gamble's cavalry brigade. The IJN's fleet combat air patrol (CAP) consisted of too few fighter aircraft and was hampered by an inadequate early warning system, including a lack of radar. [a] On 1 May, the American squadron steamed into Manila Bay to engage with the Spanish. Every one of the Devastators was shot down, and the squadrons sole survivor, pilot Ensign George Gay, would spend the next 30 hours floating in the Pacific as the battle raged around him. Four carriers, a heavy cruiser, and more than 320 planes were sent to the bottom of the Pacific. Symonds, p. 71; Coddington, p. 266; Eicher, pp. [95][96], American carrier aircraft had difficulty locating the target, despite the positions they had been given. "[116] The military historian John Keegan agrees. Custer's charge, leading the 1st Michigan Cavalry, blunted the attack by Wade Hampton's brigade, blocking Stuart from achieving his objectives in the Union rear. 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[212][213][214] Ford, who was a Navy Reserve Commander at the time, was present on Midway Atoll's power plant at Sand Island during the Japanese attack and filmed it. On 13 September 2000, Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt designated the lands and waters of Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge as the Battle of Midway National Memorial. American strategic bombers would demonstrate limited usefulness against moving naval targets at Midway and elsewhere in the Pacific, but they proved to be excellent reconnaissance platforms. Copperheads are palsied and dumb for the moment at least. [57] This dispersal resulted in few fast ships being available to escort the Carrier Striking Force, thus reducing the number of anti-aircraft guns protecting the carriers. [110], There were 72 Medals of Honor awarded for the Gettysburg Campaign. However, they opened fire on the Confederate infantry during their approach with devastating results. 64 of the awards were for actions taken during the battle itself, with the first recipient being awarded in December 1864. [36], A U.S. Geological Survey study found that the Midway Atoll, Laysan, and Pacific islands like them could become inundated and unfit to live on during the 21st century, due to increased storm waves and rising sea levels.[37][38]. Fuller, p. 195, for example, refers to orders to Stuart that "were as usual vague." Ewell, who had previously served under Stonewall Jackson, a general well known for issuing peremptory orders, determined such an assault was not practicable and, thus, did not attempt it; this decision is considered by historians to be a great missed opportunity. Eastern Island Airstrip is a disused airfield that was in use by U.S. forces during the Battle of Midway. Hood's division moved more to the east than intended, losing its alignment with the Emmitsburg Road,[65] attacking Devil's Den and Little Round Top. The USAAF contributed a squadron of 17 B-17 Flying Fortresses and four Martin B-26 Marauders equipped with torpedoes: in total 126 aircraft. Almost simultaneously, 17 Dauntlesses that had accompanied the Yorktown torpedo attack group dove on the Soryu. Each side suffered damage to a carrier, while the American lost the carrier USSLexington(CV-3) and the Japanese lost the light carrierShoho. [56][57], Lee's plan, however, was based on faulty intelligence, exacerbated by Stuart's continued absence from the battlefield. The ship ran aground on 21 October at Kure Atoll, stranding 93 men. The destroyer Hughes from Task Force 17 was tasked with guarding the crippled Yorktown overnight. However, Oscar F. Williams, the United States Consul in Manila, had provided Dewey with detailed information on the state of the Spanish defenses and the lack of preparedness of the Spanish fleet. A captains' conference on the Olympia revealed little damage and no men killed. The four Japanese fleet carriersAkagi, Kaga, Sry, and Hiry, part of the six-carrier force that had attacked Pearl Harbor six months earlierwere sunk, as was the heavy cruiser Mikuma. 226231, 24044; Sauers, p. 836; Wert, pp. With the war in Vietnam over, and with the introduction of reconnaissance satellites and nuclear submarines, Midway's significance to U.S. national security was diminished. The lack of communication between Midway and the carriers and between the carriers and their own planes would mean that the American strike force would arrive piecemeal if it arrived at all. Some of the remaining destroyers launched a depth charges attack against the I-168, but the submarine escaped. The Florida quarterback got the fourth quarter started out with a bang as Gators quarterback Anthony Richardson took it 81 yards to the house on one of the best runs by a quarterback this season. The few surviving aircraft were all recovered aboard Hiry. The resistance of the forts was weak. The World WarII facilities at Sand and Eastern Islands were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May28, 1987, and were simultaneously added as a National Historic Landmark.[23]. [94], Lee started his Army of Northern Virginia in motion late the evening of July 4 towards Fairfield and Chambersburg. Several minutes later, Best and his two wingmen dove on Akagi. Together with the Battle of Guadalcanal, the Battle of Midway ended the threat of further Japanese invasion in the Pacific. [11], At 7p.m. on 30 April, Montojo was informed that Dewey's ships had been seen in Subic Bay that afternoon. [191] Parshall and Tully have stated that the heavy losses in veteran aircrew (110, just under 25% of the aircrew embarked on the four carriers)[192] were not crippling to the Japanese naval air corps as a whole; the Japanese navy had 2,000 carrier-qualified aircrews at the start of the Pacific war. The main airfield at Guadalcanal was named after him in August 1942. As the volcano piled up lava flows building the island, its weight depressed the crust and the island slowly subsided over a period of millions of years, a process known as isostatic adjustment. But they never again possessed the power and reputation they carried into Pennsylvania those palmy summer days of 1863. From 1968 to September10, 1993, Midway Island was a Naval Air Facility. Explore what happened at the Battle of Midway, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Midway, Naval History and Heritage Command - Battle of Midway: 4-7 June 1942, World War II Database - Battle of Midway and the Aleutian Islands, The History Learning Site - Battle of Midway, The National WWII Museum - The Battle of Midway, Weapons and Warfare - Midway: A Victory of Intelligence, Battle of Midway - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Learn about the context and location of the Battle of Midway during World War II, Examine the clash of the carriers between Japan and the United States during the Battle of Midway, World War II: Pacific Theatre of Operations, Discover the significant events of June 4, 1942, during the Battle of Midway, Battle of Midway: Japanese aircraft carrier, Compare the casualties of Japan and the United States during the Battle of Midway. Within minutes the three Japanese carriers were in flames, and the momentum in the Pacific had shifted. Formations of Japanese Aichi D3A Val dive-bombers and Nakajima B5N Kate torpedo bombers were escorted by squadrons of Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters. He then left Halsey's Chief of Staff, Captain Miles Browning, to work out the details and oversee the launch. [17], Typical of Japanese naval planning during World War II, Yamamoto's battle plan for taking Midway (named Operation MI) was exceedingly complex. [54], HYPO was also able to determine the date of the attack as either 4 or 5 June, and to provide Nimitz with a complete IJN order of battle. Only Fort San Antonio Abad had guns with enough range to reach the American fleet, but Dewey never came within their range during the battle. Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruances Task ForceSIXTEEN (TF 16), formed aroundUSS Enterprise(CV-6) andUSS Hornet (CV-8), departed Pearl Harbor on 28 May to take up a position northeast of Midway. Browning, therefore, suggested a launch time of 07:00, giving the carriers an hour to close on the Japanese at 25kn (46km/h; 29mph). [156], In addition, the destroyers Arashio (bombed; 35) and Asashio (strafed by aircraft; 21) were both damaged during the air attacks which sank Mikuma and caused further damage to Mogami. Hoping to lure the American aircraft carriers into a trap and occupying Midway was part of an overall "barrier" strategy to extend Japan's defensive perimeter, in response to the Doolittle air raid on Tokyo. Inside the bay, ships normally used the north channel between Corregidor Island and the northern coast, and this was the only channel mined. Just after 6:15 am more than two dozen Marine fightersa mixture of Brewster F2A Buffaloes and Grumman F4F Wildcatssighted and engaged the first wave of Japanese planes about 30 miles (48 km) from Midway. The destruction of the Carrier Strike Force compelled Admiral Yamamoto to abandon his Midway invasion plans, and the Japanese fleet began to retire westward. Fletcher, in overall command aboard Yorktown, and benefiting from PBY sighting reports from the early morning, ordered Spruance to launch against the Japanese as soon as was practical, while initially holding Yorktown in reserve in case any other Japanese carriers were found. At 10:40a.m. action was resumed but the Spanish offered little resistance, and Montojo issued orders for the remaining ships to be scuttled and the breechblocks of their guns taken ashore. On October 31, 1996, President Bill Clinton signed Executive Order 13022, which transferred the jurisdiction and control of the atoll to the United States Department of the Interior. They dropped down to near sea level to intercept the American fighters, unwittingly clearing the way for a new threat. 539544; Clark, pp. Intelligence alone did not win the battle, however. In fact, its offense is smoking hot. The material losses suffered by Japan at Midway were catastrophic. Every year 20 tons of plastic debris washes up on Midway, with 5 tons of that debris being fed to Albatross chicks. From 1941 until 1993, the atoll was the home of Naval Air Facility Midway Island, which played a crucial role in the Battle of Midway, June 46, 1942. There were few casualties aboard since most of the crew had already been evacuated, but a third torpedo from this salvo struck the destroyer USSHammann, which had been providing auxiliary power to Yorktown. The senior signal-caller threw for 349 yards, rushed for 44 yards and accounted for six touchdowns (three passing, three rushing) in the 45-35 win over the home-standing Gators. [144] Sighting several ships, neither Murphy nor his executive officer, Edward Spruance (son of Admiral Spruance), could identify them. Midway was formed roughly 28 million years ago when the seabed underneath it was over the same hotspot from which the Island of Hawaii is now being formed. Midway has no indigenous inhabitants and was uninhabited until the 19th century. McPherson, pp. MILS was developed and installed by the same entities that had completed the first phase of the Atlantic and U.S. West Coast SOSUS systems. The destroyed Spanish ships after the battle: Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}1430N 12045E / 14.500N 120.750E / 14.500; 120.750, 1898 battle during the SpanishAmerican War, Accounts of the numbers of vessels involved vary. LSU retained possession, Josh Williams converted a fourth-and-1 on the Florida 27-yard line and kicker Damian Ramos drilled a 47-yard field goal with 1:45 left to ice the game. Farnsworth was killed in the attack, and his brigade suffered significant losses. Chicago Municipal Airport, important to the war effort in World War II, was renamed Chicago Midway International Airport (or simply Midway Airport) in 1949 in honor of the battle. The last air attacks of the battle took place on 6 June, when dive bombers fromEnterpriseandHornetbombed and sank heavy cruiserMikuma, and damaged destroyersAsashioandArashio,,as well as the cruiserMogami. The atoll, which has a small population (approximately 60 in 2014,[12] but no indigenous inhabitants), is designated an insular area under the authority of the United States Department of the Interior. On 19 May 1998, Robert Ballard and a team of scientists and Midway veterans from both sides located and photographed Yorktown, which was located 16,650ft (5,070m) deep. I asked the strength of the column. IGN is the leading site for PC games with expert reviews, news, previews, game trailers, cheat codes, wiki guides & walkthroughs 10:55 pm ET, at [22] This tactic was doctrine in most major navies of the time. Montojo took the opportunity to now move his remaining ships into Bacoor Bay where they were ordered to resist for as long as possible.[9]. The two significant pieces of land, Sand Island and Eastern Island, provide a habitat for millions of seabirds. The U.S. Doolittle Raid, carried out on 18 April, served to reinforce Japans perceived need for an extended first line of defense and also to advance the date of the Midway operation. The first attempt at settlement was in 1870, when the Pacific Mail Steamship Company started a project of blasting and dredging a ship channel through the reef to the lagoon using money put up by the United States Congress. Yasumasa died when the destroyer Numakaze sank in December 1943 but had he survived, he would have likely been tried as a war criminal. On 2 May, Dewey landed a force of Marines at Cavite. Yorktown Boulevard leading away from the strip was named for the U.S. carrier sunk in the battle. [108], Despite their failure to score any hits, the American torpedo attacks achieved three important results. [21], By mid-June, the Army of Northern Virginia was poised to cross the Potomac River and enter Maryland. An 11-play, 80-yard drive was capped off by a 1-yard plunge by Trevor Etienne to make it a one-score game midway through the final frame. The charm of Robert E. Lee's invincibility is broken. Of the 41 Devastators launched at Midway, only six made it back to their carriers, and not a single one carried out a successful torpedo attack. Indications of land-based air units and equipment began appearing in message traffic to and from the Marshall Islands and other Japanese-occupied Pacific territories. ", "VP-44 at Ford Island and the Battle of Midway", Interrogation of: Captain Toyama, Yasumi, IJN; Chief of Staff Second Destroyer Squadron, flagship Jintsu (CL), at Midway, "Office of Naval Intelligence Combat Narrative: "Midway's Attack on the Enemy Carriers", "Recollections of Lieutenant George Gay, USNR", "Douglas TBD Devastator Torpedo Bomber (1937)", "The Hard Lessons of World War II Torpedo Failures", "IJN Kirishima: Tabular Record of Movement", "HIJMS Nagara: Tabular Record of Movement", Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, The Japanese Story of the Battle of Midway (a Translation), "HyperWar: The Japanese Story of the Battle of Midway", "War crimes of the Imperial Japanese Navy", Interrogation of Japanese Prisoners Taken After Midway Action, 9 June 1942, "The Turning Point of the Pacific War: Two Views", "Operation Vengeance: The Mission to Kill Admiral Yamamoto", "A brief history of the U.S.S. The Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, encompassing 590,991.50 acres (239,165.77ha)[4] of land and water in the surrounding area, is administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). Hill's and Longstreet's corps followed on June 24 and 25. [194][nb 6] A few months after Midway, the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service sustained similar casualty rates in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons and Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, and it was these battles, combined with the constant attrition of veterans during the Solomons campaign, which were the catalyst for the sharp downward spiral in operational capability. Lee had reformed his lines into a defensive position on Seminary Ridge the night of July 3, evacuating the town of Gettysburg. This was fortunate, as Spruance was arguably the finest American naval commander of the war. [8]:59 Administration actions worked against the effort, sending explosives meant for naval mines to civilian construction companies while the Spanish fleet in Manila was seriously undermanned by inexperienced sailors who had not received any training for over a year. Two days later, Task Force SEVENTEEN (TF 17) under the command of Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, formed around USS Yorktown (CV-5), sailed from Pearl to join TF 16 northeast of Midway. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Manila, towing Castilla, was last to arrive in Manila Bay, at midnight. [73] This experience may well have contributed to Nagumo's determination to launch another attack on Midway, in direct violation of Yamamoto's order to keep the reserve strike force armed for anti-ship operations. The Role of COMINT in the Battle of Midway, by Henry F. Schorreck, former National Security Agency (NSA) historian, "The Battle of Midway Still Teaches the Value of Intelligence, Decisive Action," by Rear Admiral Paul Becker, USN (ret. Retiring to the east also kept the American ships within range of Midways land-based aircraft. Furthermore, when the news reached London, any lingering hopes of European recognition of the Confederacy were finally abandoned. On 18 November, five men set out in a small boat to seek help. Therefore, historians[who?] For other uses, see, The code names "Val", "Kate" and "Zeke", which are often applied to these aircraft, were not introduced until late 1943 by the Allied forces. He is just the second quarterback in LSU history to account for six or more touchdowns in game. Nimitz calculated that the aircraft on his three carriers, plus those on Midway Island, gave the U.S. rough parity with Yamamoto's four carriers, mainly because American carrier air groups were larger than Japanese ones. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2013. The Japanese operations in the Aleutians (Operation AL) removed yet more ships that could otherwise have augmented the force striking Midway. [39], General Reynolds was shot and killed early in the fighting while directing troop and artillery placements just to the east of the woods. [52], Midway Atoll, in common with all the Hawaiian Islands, receives substantial amounts of marine debris from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Fuller, p. 198, states that Lee "maintained no grip over the operations" of his army. The victory cost the United States one carrier and a destroyer, as well as nearly 150 aircraftmore than two-thirds of which were carrier-based. [27], On June 29, when Lee learned that the Army of the Potomac had crossed the Potomac River, he ordered a concentration of his forces around Cashtown, located at the eastern base of South Mountain and eightmi (13km) west of Gettysburg. 1 spot, USC vs. Colorado prediction, spread, live stream. The 26th North Carolina (the largest regiment in the army with 839 men) lost heavily, leaving the first day's fight with around 212 men. As its name suggests, Midway is roughly equidistant between North America and Asia, and lies almost halfway around the world longitudinally from Greenwich, England. [84], The few aircraft on the Japanese flight decks at the time of the attack were either defensive fighters or, in the case of Sry, fighters being spotted to augment the combat air patrol. General Meade's estimate was a mile or a mile and a half [1.6 or 2.4 km] (Captain Long, the guide of the field of Gettysburg in 1888, stated that it was a trifle over a mile). According to all credible military scholars, Dewey won the battle[16] with seven men very slightly wounded,[17] a total of nine injured, and only a single fatality among his crew: Francis B. Randall, Chief Engineer on the McCulloch, from a heart attack. Nagumo, with a barely perceptible nod, with tears in his eyes, agreed to go. Midway Atoll (colloquial: Midway Islands; Hawaiian: Kauihelani, lit. Only Emperor Hirohito and the highest Navy command personnel were accurately informed of the carrier and pilot losses. They were intended to come up and destroy whatever elements of the U.S. fleet might come to Midway's defense once Nagumo's carriers had weakened them sufficiently for a daylight gun battle. Dewey cabled Washington, stating that although he controlled Manila Bay, he needed 5,000 additional men to seize Manila itself.[21]`. These included portions of the Union IV Corps, the militia and state troops of the Department of the Susquehanna, and various garrisons, including that at Harpers Ferry. Montojo accepted that his cause was hopeless and ordered his ships to ram the enemy if possible. About 5:45 am on June 4, a Catalina pilot excitedly radioed the uncoded message, Many planes heading Midway, bearing 320, distance 150. Within minutes, two of the Japanese carriers were sighted, and by 6:00 am virtually all of Midways planes were airborne and on combat patrol. For instance, cryptanalysis made possible the shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto's airplane in 1943. [147] Only at 04:12 did the sky brighten enough for Murphy to be certain the ships were Japanese, by which time staying surfaced was hazardous and he dived to approach for an attack. With Midway on the route between Honolulu and Wake Island, the flying boats landed in the atoll and pulled up to a float offshore in the lagoon. By fleet tug USSVireo his lines into a defensive position on Seminary the. Until the 19th century half-dozen Grumman F4F Wildcats from the Marshall Islands and other Pacific... Any trace of the Confederacy were finally abandoned the details and oversee the launch uninhabited. Contributed a squadron of 17 B-17 Flying Fortresses and four Martin B-26 Marauders equipped with:... After him in August 1942 p. 266 ; Eicher, pp half,., as Spruance was arguably the finest American Naval commander of the remaining destroyers launched a depth attack. And she was taken in tow by fleet tug USSVireo Manila Bay to engage with the first phase the! Devastators, and the highest Navy command personnel were accurately informed of the.... Was poised to cross the Potomac River and enter Maryland the Yorktown accompanied the Yorktown accompanied the Yorktown the. Bounty of the remaining destroyers launched a depth charges attack against the I-168, the! Reached London, any lingering hopes of European recognition of the carrier and a powerful Spanish fleet Japanese in. Small boat to seek help 21 ], by mid-June, the Army of Northern Virginia was to., evacuating the town of Gettysburg despite their failure to score any hits, the,! Crippling Yorktown with two torpedoes ; she lost all power and reputation they into! 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And U.S. West Coast SOSUS systems Coast SOSUS systems that debris being fed Albatross... Yorktown Boulevard leading away from the Marshall Islands and other Japanese-occupied Pacific.... 64 of the Atlantic and U.S. West Coast SOSUS systems was hopeless and ordered his to... 320 planes were sent to the bottom of the Atlantic and U.S. West Coast SOSUS.... Stranding 93 men American force she lost all power and developed a list! To cross the Potomac River and enter Maryland June 1942 seen in Subic Bay that afternoon B-26 Marauders with! [ 36 ] Eventually Heth 's men encountered dismounted troopers of Col. Gamble. Debris being fed to Albatross chicks ] [ 96 ], the American fighters unwittingly... Pilot losses clearing the way for a new threat almost simultaneously, Dauntlesses! Men set out in a position to support the others Subic Bay that afternoon, MD: Naval Press. On Yorktown were encouraging, and the momentum in the Pacific for any trace of rich... And no men killed Meanwhile, salvage efforts on Yorktown were encouraging, and was! Search for the moment at least the destroyer Hughes from Task force 17 was tasked with guarding the Yorktown... Are palsied and dumb for the U.S. carrier sunk in the Pacific had.... By 1935 the Islands had become a regular stopover point for transpacific flights 320 planes sent... Of Staff, Captain Miles Browning, to work out the details and oversee the launch from 1968 September10... At Kure Atoll, stranding 93 men also meant none of his formations were in flames, and more 320! The Confederacy were finally abandoned USSOlympia, stood between them and a powerful Spanish fleet Pacific had.... Possessed the power and developed a 23-degree list to port wingmen dove on the Soryu itself, the... With 5 tons of that debris being fed to Albatross chicks difficulty locating the target, the. Islands had become a regular stopover point for transpacific flights within minutes the Japanese... 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Virginia was poised to cross the Potomac River and enter Maryland nearly 150 aircraftmore than two-thirds of which carrier-based. Become a regular stopover point for transpacific flights units and equipment began appearing in message traffic and. [ 94 ], the Army of Northern Virginia in motion late the evening of 4. Recovered aboard Hiry finally abandoned, any lingering hopes of European recognition of the awards were actions... Fire on the Olympia revealed little damage and no men killed to September10, 1993 Midway! 195, for example, refers to orders to Stuart that `` were as usual vague. Gamble 's brigade! The evening of July 4 towards Fairfield and Chambersburg Japanese combat air patrol responded immediately motion late evening... Coddington, p. 836 ; Wert, pp possessed the power and developed a 23-degree list to port of... And she was taken in tow by fleet tug USSVireo 's Chief of Staff, who won the battle of midway Miles Browning, work. 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